Urban climate evaluation for city planning

Over the last 40 years, there has been an increasing amount of world interest on urban climatic map (UCMap) Studies. Up to now, there are over 15 countries around the world processing their own Climatic Maps, developing urban climatic guidelines and implementing mitigation measures for local planning practices. Facing the global issue of climate change, it is also necessary to factor the climatic consolidations holistically and strategically into the planning process. In the literature, the latest concepts are mentioned. Key methodologies, selected parameters, structure and making procedures, mitigation countermeasures and climatic recommendations of urban climatic map studies ware described. More than 30 relevant studies around the world are cited, and both significant developments and remaining problems are discussed. The review noted that the thermal environment and the air ventilation condition within the urban canopy layer play the most important role in the analytical aspects and climatic-environmental evaluation. It is also noted that possible mitigation measures and planned action can include decreasing anthropogenic heat release, improving air ventilation at pedestrian level, providing more shaded areas, increasing greenery, creating air paths, and controlling building construction. Future research should be focused on the spatial analysis of human thermal comfort in urban outdoor areas and climate change impacts and adaptation. It is also important to share the learned lessons and experiences with planners and policymakers in the rapidly expanding cities of the developing countries and regions

Isla de calor, microclima urbano y variables de diseño estudios en Buenos Aires y Río Gallegos

Este trabajo presenta estudios sobre las variaciones de clima y microclima a escala urbana y micro urbana. Para evaluar los resultados de los estudios se determina una definición del clima urbano 'ideal'. Habiéndose realizado varias campañas de mediciones en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, se presentan resultados que muestran diferencias de temperatura de 2-3ºC. Adicionalmente, se realizó un estudio de la isla de calor en Río Gallegos, ciudad de menor tamaño y población donde, a pesar de las condiciones climáticas y urbanas desfavorables, la intensidad de la isla de calor registró una diferencia de 4°C. El trabajo presenta el estudio de microclima de un sector central de Buenos Aires analizando sus características, variaciones físicas, habitabilidad y condiciones de confort. Este ejemplo, es indicativo de la utilidad del estudio en el campo proyectual y planificación urbana.This paper presents studies of climatic variation and microclimate surveys at the urban and sector scales. A definition of the 'ideal urban climate is given, allowing evaluation of the results of three studies of urban climate in Argentina. The results of two surveys of the Buenos Aires heat island show 2-3°C temperature differences within the city limits. A second study of the heat island in Río Gallegos, the provincial capital city of Santa Cruz in Southern Patagonia, with smaller population and extension. Although the conditions were theoretically unfavourable, a range of over 4°C was detected. Finally, a microclimate study in a central area of Buenos Aires was undertaken, analysing the characteristics, environmental variations and pedestrian comfort conditions. A plan of the microclimate zones is presented to show the value of such studies for designers as well as planners working on project evaluation and the development of urban codes and regulations.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Isla de calor, microclima urbano y variables de diseño estudios en Buenos Aires y Río Gallegos

Este trabajo presenta estudios sobre las variaciones de clima y microclima a escala urbana y micro urbana. Para evaluar los resultados de los estudios se determina una definición del clima urbano 'ideal'. Habiéndose realizado varias campañas de mediciones en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, se presentan resultados que muestran diferencias de temperatura de 2-3ºC. Adicionalmente, se realizó un estudio de la isla de calor en Río Gallegos, ciudad de menor tamaño y población donde, a pesar de las condiciones climáticas y urbanas desfavorables, la intensidad de la isla de calor registró una diferencia de 4°C. El trabajo presenta el estudio de microclima de un sector central de Buenos Aires analizando sus características, variaciones físicas, habitabilidad y condiciones de confort. Este ejemplo, es indicativo de la utilidad del estudio en el campo proyectual y planificación urbana.This paper presents studies of climatic variation and microclimate surveys at the urban and sector scales. A definition of the 'ideal urban climate is given, allowing evaluation of the results of three studies of urban climate in Argentina. The results of two surveys of the Buenos Aires heat island show 2-3°C temperature differences within the city limits. A second study of the heat island in Río Gallegos, the provincial capital city of Santa Cruz in Southern Patagonia, with smaller population and extension. Although the conditions were theoretically unfavourable, a range of over 4°C was detected. Finally, a microclimate study in a central area of Buenos Aires was undertaken, analysing the characteristics, environmental variations and pedestrian comfort conditions. A plan of the microclimate zones is presented to show the value of such studies for designers as well as planners working on project evaluation and the development of urban codes and regulations.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Mapeando as condições de conforto térmico em Salvador

A ventilação e a radiação são condicionantes importantes para o conforto térmico em uma cidade tropical úmida. Este trabalho enfoca o armazenamento de calor e a ventilação como uma primeira abordagem para a investigação do clima urbano, usando parâmetros tais como altura das construções, topografia, usos do solo, densidades de ocupação e vegetação. Cada parâmetro foi categorizado e espacializado segundo critérios específicos aos quais foram atribuídos pesos. A análise das cartas temáticas de cada parâmetro, utilizando a ferramenta SIG, resultou no mapa síntese da Avaliação do Clima Urbano de Salvador com base no conforto térmico, onde se constata a relação entre as áreas mais edificadas e o desconforto térmico

Isla de calor, microclima urbano y variables de diseño estudios en Buenos Aires y Río Gallegos

Este trabajo presenta estudios sobre las variaciones de clima y microclima a escala urbana y micro urbana. Para evaluar los resultados de los estudios se determina una definición del clima urbano 'ideal'. Habiéndose realizado varias campañas de mediciones en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, se presentan resultados que muestran diferencias de temperatura de 2-3ºC. Adicionalmente, se realizó un estudio de la isla de calor en Río Gallegos, ciudad de menor tamaño y población donde, a pesar de las condiciones climáticas y urbanas desfavorables, la intensidad de la isla de calor registró una diferencia de 4°C. El trabajo presenta el estudio de microclima de un sector central de Buenos Aires analizando sus características, variaciones físicas, habitabilidad y condiciones de confort. Este ejemplo, es indicativo de la utilidad del estudio en el campo proyectual y planificación urbana.This paper presents studies of climatic variation and microclimate surveys at the urban and sector scales. A definition of the 'ideal urban climate is given, allowing evaluation of the results of three studies of urban climate in Argentina. The results of two surveys of the Buenos Aires heat island show 2-3°C temperature differences within the city limits. A second study of the heat island in Río Gallegos, the provincial capital city of Santa Cruz in Southern Patagonia, with smaller population and extension. Although the conditions were theoretically unfavourable, a range of over 4°C was detected. Finally, a microclimate study in a central area of Buenos Aires was undertaken, analysing the characteristics, environmental variations and pedestrian comfort conditions. A plan of the microclimate zones is presented to show the value of such studies for designers as well as planners working on project evaluation and the development of urban codes and regulations.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

MEDIÇÃO DO CONFORTO TÉRMICO EM ÁREAS PÚBLICAS URBANAS DE SALVADOR-BA E CALIBRAÇÃO DO ÍNDICE DE CONFORTO PET USANDO A TÉCNICA ÁRVORE DE DECISÃO

O Clima Urbano, uma construção social, tende a degradar as condições de conforto térmico das cidades, comprometendo a qualidade de vida de suas populações. Para avaliar e promover o conforto térmico urbano, é necessário utilizar um índice que incorpore tanto as variáveis ambientais como as individuais, e possa integrar e expressar a percepção térmica reportada pelas pessoas. Esse índice precisa ser calibrado para a população aclimatada antes de servir como uma importante ferramenta de gestão pública. Esta pesquisa teve este objetivo, calibrar o Índice de Conforto Térmico PET (°C) – Temperatura Fisiológica Equivalente – para os habitantes de Salvador. A metodologia constou do levantamento das variáveis ambientais, através de medições com estações meteorológicas móveis, e da opinião dos usuários quanto à percepção térmica, em áreas públicas, em uma amostra envolvendo 1.435 entrevistas a indivíduos residentes em Salvador. Para a calibração do Índice PET, utilizou-se a técnica de mineração de dados Árvore de Decisão, associando intervalos desse índice à percepção térmica relatada em uma escala de sete categorias, de muito calor a muito frio. Obteve-se, estatisticamente, o limite inferior da categoria Muito Calor, PET (°C) ≥ 34,1ºC; e os intervalos 29,4 a 34,1ºC e 26,8 a 29,4ºC, respectivamente, para as categorias Calor e Pouco Calor. Para a categoria Conforto Térmico, apenas o limite superior, PET (°C) ≤ 26,8ºC, pode ser estabelecido. Assim, conclui-se que, para se alcançar o conforto térmico em áreas urbanas em Salvador, o Índice PET deve estar abaixo dos 26,8ºC, e que o limite inferior deste intervalo de conforto não pode ser delimitado devido à inexistência de condições de estresse térmico negativo (frio) em clima tropical úmido.</p

Entwicklung geeigneter Stadtstrukturen in verschiedenen Klimazonen

Bauweisen und Stadtstrukturen beeinflussen wesentlich das Mikroklima einer Stadt. Um dies zu analysieren, ist es wichtig eine Klassifizierung der Stadtstrukturen vorzunehmen und sie klimatisch zu beschreiben. Auch zeigt sich, dass es notwendig ist, Strukturen weltweit miteinander vergleichen zu können. Gebäudeformen haben sich häufig an die klimatischen Gegebenheiten angepasst und sollten bei Stadtplanungen beachtet werden. Da verschiede Klassifikationsmuster verwandt werden, wird hier eine Zusammenstellung der Verfahren vorgestellt. Urban Structure Types in different Climate Zones: Construction methods and urban structures significantly influence the microclimate of a city. To analyze this, it is important to make a classification of the city structures and to describe them climatically. It also shows that it is necessary to be able to compare structures worldwide. Building forms have often adapted to the climatic conditions and should be considered in urban planning warden. Since different classification patterns are used a compilation of procedures is here presented

Bedeutung der Kaltluft und Ventilation in Städten

Über die Hälfte der Bevölkerung weltweit lebt inzwischen in Städten. Die Städte nehmen an Zahl, Größe, Höhe und Verdichtung zu. Daraus ergeben sich Wärme-Belastungen und Luftverschmutzung Dem kann die Belüf- tung entgegenwirken. Das Stadtklima ist charakterisiert durch eine Erhöhung der mittleren Lufttemperatur bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung der mittleren Windgeschwindigkeit im Vergleich zu den Flächen im städtischen Umland. Dabei hat eine wirkungsvolle Belüftung der Städte einen positiven Einfluss auf die Verdünnung und den Abtransport der Luftschadstoffe sowie die Abkühlung des Stadtgebietes. Wirksam sind sowohl regionale als auch lokale Belüftungssysteme z, die je nach Lage und Gestaltung der Stadt unterschiedlich wirken. In Stadtklimakarten werden sie als Luftleitbahnen oder Frischluftzufuhrräume kenntlich gemacht. The Importance of Ventilation in Cities: More than half of the world population now lives in cities. Urban develop in size, height and density. This results in thermal and air pollution loads. Ventilation can counteract. The urban climate is characterized by an increase in the average air temperature and lower average wind speed in comparison to the surroundings. Effective ventilation of cities has a positive influence on the dilution and removal of air pollutants and the cooling of the urban area. Both mesoclimatic and microclimatic ventilation systems are effective, depending on the location and design of the city. In urban climate maps, they are identified as air paths or fresh air supply from the surroundings