Camp evolution and Israel's creation: Between ‘state of emergency’ and ‘emergence of state’

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.09.003This paper examines the central role of the camp in the early Israeli state period and its spatial and geopolitical evolution. Unlike official Israeli history, which presents the immigrant camps as an inevitable improvised response to the unexpected problem of mass immigration, I examine the camp as a strategic modern biopolitical instrument that allowed for the state's profound geopolitical changes and was itself altered according to them. The paper analyses the ways in which the camp facilitated the creation of Israel as a state formed by two seemingly contradictory, but in fact complementary, conditions: on one hand, a product of a chaotic ‘state of emergency’ and a form of ‘ordered disorder’ created by mass immigration, and on the other hand, a product of a comprehensive, tightly controlled modernist project combining physical planning and social engineering. This duality reveals the role of these immigrant camps, which were created both in Israel and abroad, as spatial ‘black holes’ which swallowed the contradiction between the radical geopolitical transformation and the rational self-image of the Israeli state-building project. The evolving and hybrid typologies of the camp in Israel's pre-state and early-state periods expose it as a versatile instrument, highlighting the need for informed spatial and geographical genealogies of the camp in order to illuminate its various transformations.I thank the support of Girton College, Cambridge, with its generous Graduate Scholarship Awards; the Anglo-Israel Association for the Kenneth-Lindsay scholarship; and the Kettle's Yard Travel Award, which made this research possible

Between Bare Life and Everyday Life: Spatializing Europe’s Migrant Camps

The migrant and refugee camps that proliferated in Europe over recent years reflect extreme, if not bipolar, architectural conditions. While fenced carceral camps with prefabricated units were created top-down by state and municipal authorities, informal makeshift camps of tents and selfmade shelters were formed bottom-up along Europe’s migration routes. These contrasting spatial typologies often appear side by side in the open landscapes of rural fields, in urban landscapes at the heart or in the fringes of cities, and in the architectural landscapes of abandoned institutions and facilities such as factories, prisons, airports, and military barracks. The different ways in which camps are created, function, and are managed by multiple and changing actors and sovereignties, substantially influence the form of these spaces. So far, however, the radically different spatial typologies of the camp and the intersections between them have not been comparatively analysed. Based on empirical studies of the recently created migrant camps in Europe, this paper sets out to investigate their various configurations, what they reflect, and how they correspond with the culture and politics that shape them. While this paper mainly focuses on three particular camps in northern France – the container camp in Calais, the makeshift camp in Calais known as the “Jungle,” and La Linière camp in Grande-Synthe – it offers observations and analytical strategies relevant to camp spaces in other spaces and contexts and to camp studies more broadly

¿Alojamientos prefabricados o de fabricación libre?

Las formas arquitectónicas de los alojamientos de emergencia y el modo en que se crean desempeñan un papel importante en la capacidad de sus habitantes para sobrellevar el desplazamiento y tal vez sentirse, al menos temporalmente, en su hogar

Una red de campamentos en el camino a Europa

Aunque los campamentos provisionales como los que han proliferado por toda Europa pueden constituir espacios de iniciativa y capacidad de autogestión que no podrían darse en campos de internamiento estatales, ni unos ni otros son una solución definitiva

Mobile Colonial Architecture: Facilitating Settler Colonialism’s Expansions, Expulsions, Resistance, and Decolonisation

Grounded in space yet facilitated by mobility, settler colonialism has adopted distinct architectural devices. Tents, prefabricated shelters, mobile homes, shipping containers, and other portable structures, have created the scaffoldings of new colonial settlements, allowing for rapid territorial expansion. These mobile spatial objects have also served as instruments of expulsion and expropriation, facilitating the creation of spaces of counterinsurgency and displacement for the containment of rebellious and expelled locals, who themselves used mobile architecture as an instrument of resistance. From the historical British ‘Portable Colonial Cottage for Emigrants’ to the caravans used by Israeli settlers in the occupied territories and the creation of humanitarian spaces, these mobile structures have been part of the toolkit enabling colonial powers to rapidly rearrange people in space. This article draws on critical mobility and architectural studies to examine settler colonialism’s mobile architecture in both historical and contemporary contexts through the case of Israel-Palestine, from Mandatory Palestine’s British and Zionist camps, through early statehood’s spaces of displacement and emplacement, to current colonial environments. By doing so, the article highlights how settler colonialism’s rapid spatial actions and counteractions require mobile spatial forms and their related infrastructure for the abrupt and often racialised territorial and demographic alterations and for related swift counteracts of resistance, protest and decolonisation

Precariousness and Protest: Negotiating Urban Refuge in Cairo and Tel Aviv

In the winter of 2018, Tel Aviv’s streets and squares were occupied by two large protests organized by one of the most destitute population groups in the city. At the end of February and again at the end of March, thousands of African asylum seekers, supported by Israeli residents, demonstrated against Israel’s plan to deport many of them in a government operation scheduled to begin in early April. In the first demonstration, over 20,000 people marched through the streets of south Tel Aviv, one of the city’s most neglected areas where many asylum seekers live, and the second rally of more than 25,000 took place in central Rabin Square. ‘There is no difference between our blood and their blood because we are all human beings’ was one of the slogans chanted together by the African and Israeli protesters, who also carried signs quoting Jewish texts about loving the stranger (Lidman, 2018; Yaron, 2018). Shortly after these protests the planned mass deportations were suspended by the High Court of Justice and eventually were cancelled by the government

Bare Shelter: The layered spatial politics of inhabiting displacement

This chapter theoretically analyses the meaning of the transformations and re-appropriations of prefabricated and makeshift emergency shelters by their inhabitants. In their initial conditions, these shelters are conceptualised as minimal ‘bare shelters’ where displaced people are accommodated as objects of control and precarious provision, stripped of adequate amenities and privacy while being detached from everyday human environments. By critically engaging with the work of Hannah Arendt on politics and space, particularly in relation to the political meaning of the private and public realm and of stateless people, the chapter reflects on the spatial processes of inhabitation of bare shelters as politically meaningful, impacting not only the space of the shelters themselves but also the political subjectivities of their inhabitants

Designing an E-Mail Prototype to Enhance Effective Communication and Task Management: A Case Study

This paper deals with communicational breakdowns and misunderstandings in computer mediated communication (CMC) and ways to recover from them or to prevent them. The paper describes a case study of CMC conducted in a company named Artigiani. We observed communication and conducted content analysis of e-mail messages, focusing on message exchanges between customer service representatives (CSRs) and their contacts. In addition to task management difficulties, we identified communication breakdowns that result from differences between perspectives, and from the lack of contextual information, mainly technical background and professional jargon at the customers’ side. We examined possible ways to enhance CMC and accordingly designed a prototype for an e-mail user interface that emphasizes a communicational strategy called contextualization as a central component for obtaining effective communication and for supporting effective management and control of organizational activities, especially handling orders, price quoting, and monitoring the supply and installation of products

ENHANCING COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION BY DESIGNING AN EMAIL PROTOTYPE: A CASE STUDY

In today\u27s modern world, computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) and computer mediated communication (CMC) are central and most crucial in the activities of organizations and in their success in achieving their goals and purposes. Organizations are established to achieve goals that one person cannot accomplish alone, and the knowledge that is collected by individuals should be reserved for the general use of the organizational community. Now, organizational workers need more than ever to share the knowledge they each gather, and they are involved in joint activities that need the support of information systems. Communication between individuals is at large extent in the form of computer mediated cooperation, and computerized applications ascribed as groupware (group support systems) include shared environments, whiteboards, electronic group calendars, chat rooms and more. Groupware systems support groups of people that work together by facilitating communication between them and by improving coordination. The overall success of organizations is certainly dependent on computer mediated communications that need to be designed to achieve a high level of mutual understanding and minimal occurrences of communication breakdowns. Perhaps the most widespread mode of CMC at work is email. Organizational workers are engaged in this asynchronous communication on a daily basis, having multiple contacts and the ability to preserve exchanged messages in an archive for future use. This study examines the possible ways to enhance CMC among users exchanging email messages in a company named Artigiani that specializes in manufacturing handles, hooks, hangers, and bathroom accessories. We closely Artigiani, and conducted content analysis of email messages. We were particularly interested in the exchanging of messages between customer service representatives (CSRs) and their customers which are professional workers such as carpenters, contractors, architects, interior designers and personal customers. CSRs in Artigiani are in great pressure to respond quickly to emails, and they feel stressed by the high volume of incoming messages, and by the fact that they tend to lose important items when they need them (such as previous messages exchanged, and items that they wish to attach to new messages). In addition, we identified communication breakdowns and misunderstanding that mainly result from differences in knowledge and perspectives of communicators. We follow previous work in CMC that stress the need for reinventing the email client, and put our focus on a communicational strategy called contextualization, which is the activity of providing the explicit addition of contextual information to a core message to ensure effective communication. We present a prototype for an email user interface that puts contextualization as a central component for enhancing effective CMC and for effectively managing and controlling organizational activities, especially the ongoing management of product ordering, and related decision making. examined communication i

Dendritic Cell Cancer Vaccines: From the Bench to the Bedside

The recognition that the development of cancer is associated with acquired immunodeficiency, mostly against cancer cells themselves, and understanding pathways inducing this immunosuppression, has led to a tremendous development of new immunological approaches, both vaccines and drugs, which overcome this inhibition. Both “passive” (e.g. strategies relying on the administration of specific T cells) and “active” vaccines (e.g. peptide-directed or whole-cell vaccines) have become attractive immunological approaches, inducing cell death by targeting tumor-associated antigens. Whereas peptide-targeted vaccines are usually directed against a single antigen, whole-cell vaccines (e.g. dendritic cell vaccines) are aimed to induce robust responsiveness by targeting several tumor-related antigens simultaneously. The combination of vaccines with new immuno-stimulating agents which target “immunosuppressive checkpoints” (anti-CTLA-4, PD-1, etc.) is likely to improve and maintain immune response induced by vaccination