Influence of taste on recovery of radioactivity in several body tissues at 4 h after intragastric infusion of ¹⁴C-triolein in intralipid.

<p>Values are means ± S.E.M (<i>n</i> = 7–8) percentage per 1 g tissue weight of the total amount of radioactivity administered.</p

Influence of preferred sweet taste on plasma triglyceride concentration in untreated rats.

<p>The gastric infusion of 20% intralipid was started at 0 min (arrow). Immediately after the infusion, the rats (<i>n</i> = 12) were given 0.3 ml of water or sweet solution through the intraoral cannula. Values are means ± S.E.M. #<i>P</i><0.1 by paired t-test.</p

Influence of aversive bitter taste on on blood fat levels.

<p>The gastric infusion was started at 0(arrow). Immediately after the infusion, the rats (<i>n</i> = 10) were given 0.3 ml of water or bitter solution through the intraoral cannula. Values are means ± S.E.M. #<i>P</i><0.1, *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 by paired t-test.</p

Influence of gastric infusion of sweet taste on plasma triglyceride concentration.

<p>The gastric infusion of 20% intralipid was started at 0 min (arrow). Immediately after the infusion, the rats (<i>n</i> = 11) were given 0.3 ml of water or sweet solution through the intragastric catheter. There was no significant difference in triglyceride levels between sweet and water infusion. Values are means ± S.E.M.</p

Comparison of the effects of sweet taste on blood fat levels between unconditioned rats and rats conditioned to show aversion to the taste.

<p>(A–C) upper panels: unconditioned rats (<i>n</i> = 9); (D–F) lower panels: conditioned rats (<i>n</i> = 10). Plasma concentrations of (A, D) triglyceride and (B, E) NEFA were measured after the gastric infusion of 20% intralipid (started at 0 min; arrow) and the following oral infusion of 0.3 ml of water or sweet solution. (C, F) Intake of sweet solution in 2-bottle choice test at the end of the experiment showed conditioning had occurred successfully. Values are means ± S.E.M. *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 by paired t-test.</p

Effect of Chlorogenic Acids on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

(1) Background: Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) have been attracting interest of late, owing to their health benefits. Here, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether CGAs improved cognitive function in humans. (2) Methods: Thirty-eight healthy participants were assigned to either the CGA group, which was given CGA-added beverage daily for 16 weeks, or the placebo group. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Japanese version of the CNS Vital Signs (Cognitrax). (3) Results: The CGA group showed significant increase in the Cognitrax domain scores for motor speed, psychomotor speed, and executive function compared with the placebo group, as well as an improvement in the shifting attention test scores. In blood analysis, the CGA group showed increased levels of apolipoprotein A1 and transthyretin, both of which are putative biomarkers for early-stage cognitive decline. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that CGAs may improve some cognitive functions, which would help in the efficient performance of complex tasks

Array-CGH Analyses of Murine Malignant Lymphomas: Genomic Clues to Understanding the Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low-Dose-Rate Gamma Rays on Lymphomagenesis

We previously reported that mice chronically irradiated with low-dose-rate gamma rays had significantly shorter mean life spans than nonirradiated controls. This life shortening appeared to be due primarily to earlier death due to malignant lymphomas in the irradiated groups (Tanaka et al., Radiat. Res. 160, 376-379, 2003). To elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of murine lymphomas after low-dose-rate irradiation, chromosomal aberrations in 82 malignant lymphomas from mice irradiated at a dose rate of 21 mGy/day and from nonirradiated mice were compared precisely by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) analysis. The array carried 667 BAC clones densely selected for the genomic regions not only of lymphoma-related loci but also of surface antigen receptors, enabling immunogenotyping. Frequent detection of the apparent loss of the Igh region on chromosome 12 suggested that most lymphomas in both groups were of B-cell origin. Array-CGH profiles showed a frequent gain of whole chromosome 15 in lymphomas predominantly from the irradiated group. The profiles also demonstrated copy-number imbalances of partial chromosomal regions. Partial gains on chromosomes 12, 14 and X were found in tumors from nonirradiated mice, whereas losses on chromosomes 4 and 14 were significantly associated with the irradiated group. These findings suggest that lymphomagenesis under the effects of continuous low-dose-rate irradiation is accelerated by a mechanism different from spontaneous lymphomagenesis that is characterized by the unique spectrum of chromosomal aberrations

Retardation Mechanism of Crystallization of Diacylglycerols Resulting from the Addition of Polyglycerol Fatty Acid Esters

Edible oils containing high concentrations (>80%) of diacylglycerols (DAG oil) have beneficial health effects on obesity and obesity-related diseases; however, at low temperature, undesired precipitation of high-melting fractions in DAG oil can occur. Thus, preventing the precipitation of high-melting saturated fatty acid moieties in DAG oil is crucial for its expanded use. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of retardation of crystallization of DAG oil through the addition of polyglycerol fatty acid esters (PGFEs). We observed the occurrence of birefringence under polarized crossed-Nicols conditions in the PGFE-added DAG oil. We also found that prior to the crystallization of high-melting DAG fractions, PGFE-added DAG oil showed shear-rate-dependent changes in viscosity, providing strong evidence for the existence of self-assembled structures that lead to the birefringence. Furthermore, small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns suggest the formation of a supramolecular assembly comprising DAGs and PGFEs, which is significantly different from the structure of DAG crystals. From these results, we conclude that the retardation of crystallization of DAG oil is caused by the formation of liquid-crystal-like supramolecular complex structures that contain high-melting fractions of DAGs and PGFEs. These complexes may disturb the formation of critical nuclei of high-melting DAG fractions during the prenucleation crystallization stage