Assessment of energy expenditure using doubly labeled water, physical activity by accelerometer and reported dietary intake in Japanese men with type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study

The aim of the present study was to determine the total energy expenditure, physical activity and dietary intake of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus who were matched for age and body mass index. The participants in the present study were 12 well‐controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 10 controls, aged 40–75 years, with a body mass index <30 kg/m2. Total energy expenditure under free‐living conditions was assessed using the doubly labeled water method, and physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Dietary intake was assessed using a self‐recorded food intake diary during the measurement period. Participants were instructed to record their dietary intake over 3 days, including 2 weekdays. Total energy expenditure was not significantly different between the groups (P = 0.153), nor were energy (P = 0.969) or macronutrient intakes. In conclusion, when age and body mass index are matched, total energy expenditure and self‐reported energy intake are not significantly different between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls

Relationships between Composition of Major Fatty Acids and Fat Distribution and Insulin Resistance in Japanese

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the composition of free fatty acids (FFAs) and metabolic parameters, including body fat distribution, in Japanese. Methods. The study subjects were 111 Japanese patients (54 males, 57 females). Metabolic parameters and visceral and subcutaneous fat areas as determined by CT scanning at the umbilical level were measured. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed by administering 75 g glucose orally. Results. The percentage of linoleic acid (C18:2), the greatest constituent among FFAs, was negatively correlated with visceral fat area (r = −0 411, p &lt; 0 0001), fasting glucose (r = −0 330, p &lt; 0 0001), HbA1c (r = −0 231, p = 0 0146), and systolic blood pressure (r = −0 224, p = 0 0184). Linoleic acid percentage was also significantly negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (r = −0 416, p &lt; 0 0001) by simple correlation. Based on the findings of OGTT, the 111 subjects were classified into three groups: 33 with normal glucose tolerance, 71 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 7 diabetic subjects. The percentage of serum linoleic acid in diabetic subjects was significantly lower than that in normal subjects. Conclusion. We conclude that serum linoleic acid level is negatively correlated with the accumulation of visceral fat in relation to a reduction of insulin resistance in Japanese subjects

Energy Requirements for Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Current Findings and Future Tasks

Aging patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a high risk of frailty and disability. This narrative review summarizes the current findings and future tasks regarding the following issues: (1) the optimum body mass index (BMI) target for patients with T2DM, (2) energy expenditure and requirements of patients with T2DM, and (3) the significance of low-intensity physical activity (LPA) as a key determinant of total energy expenditure (TEE) among the older population. While weight reduction is associated with an improvement in glycemic control, an increased risk of mortality as well as disability related to unhealthy BMI must also be considered, especially in older patients. The optimum BMI range and energy requirements for maintaining a healthy BMI should be identified. Limited evidence has shown that the TEE measured using the doubly labeled water method in patients with T2DM did not differ from that of subjects without diabetes, suggesting that the energy requirement data of subjects without diabetes may be applicable to these populations. LPA is one of the determinants of variability in the energy requirements of older patients with T2DM, and the beneficial effects of increasing LPA on nutritional intake and frailty prevention should be investigated further

Modeling of Longitudinal Changes in Left Ventricular Dimensions among Female Adolescent Runners

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>Left ventricular (LV) enlargement has been linked to sudden cardiac death among young athletes. This study aimed to model the effect of long-term incessant endurance training on LV dimensions in female adolescent runners.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Japanese female adolescent competitive distance runners (<i>n</i> = 36, age: 15 years, height: 158.1 ± 4.6 cm, weight: 44.7 ± 6.1 kg, percent body fat: 17.0 ± 5.2%) underwent echocardiography and underwater weighing every 6 months for 3 years. Since the measurement occasions varied across subjects, multilevel analysis was used for curvilinear modeling of changes in running performance (velocities in 1500 m and 3000 m track race), maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), body composition, and LV dimensions.</p><p>Results</p><p>Initially, LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd) and LV mass were 47.0 ± 3.0 mm and 122.6 ± 15.7 g, respectively. Running performance and VO₂max improved along with the training duration. The trends of changes in fat-free mass (FFM) and LVEDd were similarly best described by quadratic polynomials. LVEDd did not change over time in the model including FFM as a covariate. Increases in LV wall thicknesses were minimal and independent of FFM. LV mass increased according to a quadratic polynomial trend even after adjusting for FFM.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>FFM was an important factor determining changes in LVEDd and LV mass. Although running performance and VO₂max were improved by continued endurance training, further LV cavity enlargement hardly occurred beyond FFM gain in these adolescent female runners, who already demonstrated a large LVEDd.</p></div

Changes in running velocities for 1500 m and 3000 m races.

<p>The cubic polynomial curves determined by multilevel analysis to best describe the trajectories of running velocities for 1500 m (V₁₅₀₀, solid line) and 3000 m (V₃₀₀₀, dotted line) track races over time among adolescent female distance runners. Closed and open circles represent the records of individual 1500 m and 3000 m races, respectively. X in the model equations denotes Time (day). All unadjusted estimates; <i>p</i> < 0.05 and <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively.</p