Down-Regulation of Tristetraprolin Expression Results in Enhanced IL-12 and MIP-2 Production and Reduced MIP-3α Synthesis in Activated Macrophages

In inflammation, the post-transcriptional regulation of transiently expressed genes provides a potential therapeutic target. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is of the factors regulating decay of cytokine mRNAs. The aim of the present study was to identify cytokines whose expression is regulated by TTP. We established a TTP knock-down cell line by expressing shRNA against TTP (shTTP cell line). A cytokine antibody array was used to measure cytokine production in macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and MIP-2 (a homologue to human IL-8) were expressed at higher levels whereas MIP-3α was produced at lower levels in LPS-treated shTTP cells than in control cells suggesting that the expression of these cytokines is regulated by TTP. The present data provide IL-12, MIP-2, and MIP-3α as novel inflammatory cytokine targets for TTP-mediated mRNA decay and stress the role of TTP in the regulation of the inflammatory process

MKP-1 Deficiency Exacerbates Skin Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Scleroderma

Scleroderma is a chronic fibrotic disease, where proinflammatory and profibrotic events precede collagen accumulation. MKP-1 [mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1] downregulates inflammatory MAPK pathways suppressing inflammation. MKP-1 also supports Th1 polarization, which could shift Th1/Th2 balance away from profibrotic Th2 profile prevalent in scleroderma. In the present study, we investigated the potential protective role of MKP-1 in scleroderma. We utilized bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis model as a well-characterized experimental model of scleroderma. Dermal fibrosis and collagen deposition as well as the expression of inflammatory and profibrotic mediators were analyzed in the skin samples. Bleomycin-induced dermal thickness and lipodystrophy were increased in MKP-1-deficient mice. MKP-1 deficiency enhanced collagen accumulation and increased expression of collagens, 1A1 and 3A1, in the dermis. Bleomycin-treated skin from MKP-1-deficient mice also showed enhanced expression of inflammatory and profibrotic factors IL-6, TGF-β1, fibronectin-1 and YKL-40, and chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-2, as compared to wild-type mice. The results show, for the first time, that MKP-1 protects from bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis, suggesting that MKP-1 favorably modifies inflammation and fibrotic processes that drive the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Compounds enhancing the expression or activity of MKP-1 could thus prevent fibrotic processes in scleroderma and possess potential as a novel immunomodulative drug.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Adipokine resistin predicts anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids in asthma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adipokines are protein mediators secreted by adipose tissue. Recently, adipokines have also been involved in the regulation of inflammation and allergic responses, and suggested to affect the risk of asthma especially in obese female patients. We assessed if adipokines predict responsiveness to glucocorticoids and if plasma adipokine levels are associated with lung function or inflammatory activity also in non-obese (body mass index (BMI) ≤ 30 kg/m²) women with newly-diagnosed steroid-naïve asthma.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Lung function, exhaled NO, plasma levels of adipokines leptin, resistin, adiponectin and adipsin, and inflammatory markers were measured in 35 steroid-naïve female asthmatics and in healthy controls. The measurements were repeated in a subgroup of asthmatics after 8 weeks of treatment with inhaled fluticasone. Adipokine concentrations in plasma were adjusted for BMI.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>High baseline resistin concentrations were associated with a more pronounced decrease in serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) (r = -0.745, p = 0.013), eosinophil protein X (EPX) (r = -0.733, p = 0.016) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (r = -0.721, p = 0.019) during fluticasone treatment. In asthmatics, leptin correlated positively with asthma symptom score and negatively with lung function. However, no significant differences in plasma adipokine levels between non-obese asthmatics and healthy controls were found. The effects of resistin were also investigated in human macrophages in cell culture. Interestingly, resistin increased the production of proinflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α and that was inhibited by fluticasone.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>High resistin levels predicted favourable anti-inflammatory effect of inhaled glucocorticoids suggesting that resistin may be a marker of steroid-sensitive phenotype in asthma. High leptin levels were associated with a more severe disease suggesting that the link between leptin and asthma is not restricted to obesity.</p

Running a Marathon Induces Changes in Adipokine Levels and in Markers of Cartilage Degradation - Novel Role for Resistin

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Adiponectin associates with markers of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis and induces production of proinflammatory and catabolic factors through mitogen activated protein kinase pathways

Introduction Adiponectin is an adipokine that regulates energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, but recent studies have pointed also to a role in inflammation and arthritis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association and effects of adiponectin on inflammation and cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Cartilage and blood samples were collected from 35 male OA patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery. Preoperative radiographs were evaluated by Ahlback classification criteria for knee OA. Circulating concentrations of adiponectin and biomarkers of OA, i.e. cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), were measured. Cartilage samples obtained at the surgery were cultured ex vivo and the levels of adiponectin, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-3 were determined in the culture media. In addition, the effects of adiponectin on the production of NO, IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-3 were studied in cartilage and in primary chondrocyte cultures. Results Plasma adiponectin levels and adiponectin released from OA cartilage were higher in patients with radiologically most severe OA (Ahlback grades 4-5) than in patients with less severe disease (grades 1-3). Plasma adiponectin concentrations correlated positively with biomarkers of OA, i.e. COMP (r = 0.55, p = 0.001) and MMP-3 (r = 0.34, p = 0.046). Adiponectin was released by OA cartilage ex vivo and it correlated positively with NO (r = 0.43, p = 0.012), IL-6 (r = 0.42, p = 0.018), and MMP-3 (r = 0.34, p = 0.051) production. Further, adiponectin enhanced production of NO, IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-3 in OA cartilage and in primary chondrocytes in vitro by a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dependent manner. Conclusions These findings show that adiponectin is associated with and possibly mediates cartilage destruction in OA.BioMed Central open acces

Adiponectin is associated with dynamic hyperinflation and a favourable response to inhaled glucocorticoids in patients with COPD

SummaryObjectivesAdipokines are protein mediators first described as products of adipose tissue regulating energy metabolism and appetite. Recently, adipokines have also been found to modulate inflammation and smooth muscle cell responses. Therefore we investigated the association of two adipokines, adiponectin and leptin, with the degree of emphysema, pulmonary function, symptoms and glucocorticoid responsiveness in patients with COPD.MethodsPlasma adiponectin and leptin levels, spirometry, body plethysmography and symptoms were measured in 43 male COPD patients with smoking history ≥ 20 pack-years, post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.7 and pulmonary emphysema on HRCT. The measurements were repeated in a subgroup of patients after 4 weeks' treatment with inhaled fluticasone.ResultsIn patients with COPD, plasma adiponectin levels correlated positively with airway resistance (Raw) (r = 0.362, p = 0.019) and functional residual capacity (FRC) (r = 0.355, p = 0.046). Furthermore, the baseline adiponectin concentration correlated negatively with the fluticasone induced changes in St George's Respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) symptom score (r = −0.413, p = 0.040) and in FRC % pred (r = −0.428, p = 0.003), i.e. a higher baseline plasma adiponectin level was associated with more pronounced alleviation of symptoms and dynamic hyperinflation. Plasma leptin levels were not related to the measures of lung function, symptoms or glucocorticoid responsiveness.ConclusionsPlasma adiponectin levels were associated with peripheral airway obstruction and dynamic hyperinflation in patients with COPD. A higher adiponectin level predicted more favourable relief of symptoms and hyperinflation during glucocorticoid treatment. Adiponectin may have a role in the COPD pathogenesis; it may also be a biomarker of disease severity and treatment responses in this disease

Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes Express Nineteen Different TRP-Genes : TRPA1 and TRPM8 as Potential Drug Targets

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are expressed in neuronal and some non-neuronal cells and are involved particularly in pain and thermosensation. We previously showed that TRPA1 is functionally expressed in human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes and mediates inflammation, cartilage degradation, and pain in monosodium-iodoacetate-induced experimental OA. In the present study, we explored the expression of TRP-channels in primary human OA chondrocytes and investigated whether drugs used in the treatment of OA, ibuprofen and glucocorticoids, have effects on TRP-channel expression. OA cartilage was obtained from knee replacement surgery and chondrocytes were isolated with enzyme digestion. NGS analysis showed the expression of 19 TRP-genes in OA chondrocytes, with TRPM7, TRPV4, TRPC1, and TRPM8 having the highest counts in unstimulated cells. These results were verified with RT-PCR in samples from a different group of patients. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) significantly increased TRPA1 expression, while TRPM8 and TRPC1 expression was decreased, and TRPM7 and TRPV4 expression remained unaffected. Furthermore, dexamethasone attenuated the effect of IL-1β on TRPA1 and TRPM8 expression. The TRPM8 and TRPA1 agonist menthol increased the expression of the cartilage-degrading enzymes MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and the inflammatory factors iNOS and IL-6 in OA chondrocytes. In conclusion, human OA chondrocytes express 19 different TRP-genes, of which the significant TRPM8 expression is a novel finding. Dexamethasone attenuated IL-1β-induced TRPA1 expression. Interestingly, the TRPM8 and TRPA1 agonist menthol increased MMP expression. These results support the concept of TRPA1 and TRMP8 as potential novel drug targets in arthritis.Peer reviewe