Analysis of possible changes in lysine metabolism induced by cadmium in maize (Zea mays)

O crescente aumento da contaminação do solo por metais pesados, em especial o cádmio (Cd), associado à importância dos cereais, sendo estes nos países subdesenvolvidos e alguns em desenvolvimento a maior fonte protéica, são aspectos importantes que originaram a ideia deste estudo que procura analisar o metabolismo do aminoácido essencial lisina em milho (Zea mays), submetido à contaminação por Cd. Foram realizados vários ensaios a fim de se avaliar a atividade das principais enzimas do sistema antioxidante, a quantidade de aminoácidos solúveis totais e a atividade das enzimas da via do anabolismo e catabolismo da lisina. Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de dois capítulos. O capítulo 1 apresenta a caracterização bioquímica das plantas de milho (linhagem 161) submetidas ao estresse pelo Cd analisando-se a quantificação do metal nos diferentes tecidos vegetais, análise das principais enzimas do sistema antioxidante, quantificação de proteínas de reserva e aminoácidos solúveis totais, além da análise das principais enzimas da via da lisina. Os resultados da caracterização bioquímica mostraram que estes parâmetros avaliados não diferiram significativamente entre as plantas contaminadas e as do controle. No capítulo 2 foi realizada a análise das principais enzimas da via da lisina em um outro genótipo de milho, sendo uma variedade comercial (AL Avaré). De maneira geral, os resultados mostraram que o Cd induziu leves alterações nas atividades de algumas enzimas da via da lisina. Além disso, foram observadas diferenças entre os dois genótipos, tanto nas atividades específicas de enzimas como na quantificação de aminoácidos livres. Além dos dois capítulos, foram incluídos dois estudos complementares, que trouxeram análises adicionais ao estudo principal. O estudo complementar 1, apresenta os resultados de um estudo com plântulas de milho, de diferentes genótipos, sendo um com maiores teores de lisina (opaco2) e os outros para alta eficiência no uso de nitrogênio (EUN) e para baixa EUN. Tanto os resultados da peroxidação lipídica, quanto a quantidade de aminoácidos solúveis totais apresentaram diferenças entre os genótipos e doses de Cd utilizadas. O estudo complementar 2 apresenta alguns dados de enzimas antioxidantes, em PAGE não-desnaturante, de coleóptilos e radículas de embriões imaturos (sem a presença de endosperma) e germinados na presença de Cd. Estes dados mostraram uma nítida resposta antioxidante. Além disso, foram analisadas algumas células provenientes de radículas de sementes de milho germinada na presença de Cd, a fim de se avaliar os danos do metal sobre o DNA. Em resumo, os resultados obtidos neste estudo nos ajudaram a entender um pouco mais sobre o efeito do Cd nos processos fisiológicos e bioquímicos das plantas analisadas. Entretanto, estes dados podem ser considerados o ponto de partida para estudos mais detalhados.The increase of soil contamination by heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd), associated with the importance of cereals, which are the major source of protein in the underdeveloped and some developing countries, are important aspects that gave rise to the idea for this study which tries to analyze the metabolism of the essential amino acid lysine in maize (Zea mays), submitted to the contamination by Cd. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the activity of the main enzymes of the antioxidant system, the amount of total soluble amino acids and the activity of enzymes of lysine metabolism. The results were presented two chapters. Chapter 1 reports the biochemical characterization of the maize plants (a line with higher levels of lysine, L161) submitted to stress by Cd analyzing the metal quantification in different plant tissues, analysis of the main enzymes of the antioxidant system, quantification of reserve proteins and total soluble amino acids, in addition to the analysis of the main enzymes of lysine pathway The results showed that these parameters did not differ significantly between contaminated plants and those of the control. In Chapter 2 the main enzymes of lysine metabolism were analyzed in a commercial variety of maize (AL Avaré). Overall, the results showed that Cd induced slight changes in the activities of some enzymes of lysine pathway. In addition, differences were observed between the two genotypes, both in the specific activities of enzymes and on quantification of soluble amino acids. In addition to the two chapters, two complementary studies were included, which provided additional analyzes to the main study. Complementary study 1 presents the results of a study with maize seedlings of different genotypes, one with higher lysine (opaque2) and others for high efficiency in nitrogen use (EUN) and low EUN. Lipid peroxidation results and the amount of total soluble amino acids showed differences between the genotypes and the Cd concentrations used. Complementary study 2 presents some non-denaturing antioxidant enzyme data from coleoptiles and immature embryo rootlets (without the presence of endosperm) and germinated in the presence of Cd. These data showed a clear antioxidant response. In addition, some cells from germinated maize seedlings were analyzed in presence of Cd in order to evaluate the damage of the metal on the DNA. In summary, the results obtained in this study helped us to understand a little more about the effect of Cd on the physiological and biochemical processes of the plants analyzed. However, these data can be considered the starting point for more detailed studies

Lysine metabolism and amino acid profile in maize grains from plants subjected to cadmium exposure

In general, the effects of Cadmium (Cd) on crop quality are evaluated solely by Cd accumulation in the edible plant parts; thus, the potential effects on several nutritional features are not often taken into account. This study evaluated Cd effects on the enzymatic activities of lysine (Lys) metabolism, storage protein and amino acid profile in maize. Stress parameters were also assessed. In vegetative organs, Cd was accumulated in the following decreasing order: roots > stems > leaves. Cadmium accumulation in grains decreased at grain maturity (from 0.25 to 0.07 µg g–1 DW). In leaves, neither hydrogen peroxide content nor superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxide and guaiacol peroxidase activities did not change in Cd-treated plants compared to control plants. Lipid peroxidation was not detected in immature grains and leaves of plants under Cd exposure, indicating that Cd accumulation mainly in the roots is a mechanism to avoid oxidative stress in aboveground parts of the plant. However, Lys metabolism in immature grains was modified, showing increases in the specific activities of aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) after Cd exposure. AK sensitivity to Lys feedback inhibition increased, but decreased in DHDPS in Cd-treated plants, suggesting differential regulation for these enzymes. In mature grains, the Lys content did not change, while the proline content increased by 54 % in Cd-treated plants. This is the first report on Cd effects on amino acid profile, storage protein contents and enzymes from Lys metabolism in grains of a cereal plant species