Socioeconomics and ethnic diversity as potential influences on teen pregnancy, abortion and birth rates in 48 states.

<p>Significant correlations are marked in bold type (* significant at p<0.05, ** significant at p<0.01).</p>1<p>The % teen population variables are measures of the ethnic diversity of the states. Please note the teen pregnancy, abortion and birth data (per 1000) reflect the behavior of all teens in each state: they are not limited to the behavior within that particular ethnic teen population (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024658#pone-0024658-t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>).</p

Teen pregnancy rates, abstinence education levels and Medicaid waivers to access family planning services.

<p>Access to waivers does not explain the difference in teen pregnancy rates (shown are means and ±2 SE) in states with a different emphasis on abstinence.</p

Trends in teen pregnancy and birth rates after accounting for socioeconomics, education and ethnic diversity.

<p>(A) The adjusted median household income significantly influenced teen pregnancy and birth rates, but the level of abstinence education still had a significant influence on teen pregnancy and birth rates after accounting for socioeconomic status. (B) Education had a significant influence on teen birth, but not on teen pregnancy rates. After accounting for the influence of teen education, the level of abstinence education still had a significant influence on both teen pregnancy and teen birth rates. (C) The proportion of white teens (but not black teens) in the population had a significant influence on teen pregnancy and teen birth rates. After accounting for this influence, the level of abstinence education still had a significant influence on teen pregnancy and birth rates.</p

Abstinence education level prescribed in 2005 state laws or policies.

<p>All 48 states with state laws or policies on sex and/or HIV education are shown (North Dakota and Wyoming are not represented).</p

Abstinence provisions and levels of abstinence education in state laws & policies.

1<p>State laws with (yes) or without (no) an abstinence provision as of 2007 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024658#pone.0024658-Zinth1" target="_blank">[16]</a>.</p>2<p>Level of Abstinence provision in state law as of 2007 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024658#pone.0024658-Callahan1" target="_blank">[17]</a>.</p>3<p>Level of Abstinence provision in state law or other policy as of 2005 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024658#pone.0024658-SIECUS2" target="_blank">[19]</a>; differences to laws² are noted in <i>italics</i>.</p

Teen pregnancy, abortion and birth rates (per 1000 girls aged 14–19) by level of abstinence education.

<p>Based on 2005 data for all states except North Dakota and Wyoming, N = number of states.</p

U.S. teenage pregnancy and birth rates are high compared to other developed countries.

<p>Rates are listed as numbers per 1000 girls 15–19 years old,</p>∧<p>15–18 years old <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024658#pone.0024658-Darroch1" target="_blank">[1]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024658#pone.0024658-UK1" target="_blank">[4]</a>.</p

Field site locations

Four-letter location codes (Code), colloquial names (Location), exact GPS coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) and the total number of male individuals (#), regardless of species, measured in each of the 57 populations. In addition, the number of individuals of P. pyralis, P. scintillans and P. marginellus collected at each field site are shown in the last three columns respectively. Total = 675 male individuals. Please note that some field sites are on private land and the corresponding author should be contacted for details concerning access to those sites. Footnotes: * only lab-reared larvae from Unknown Photuris parents captured at this locality were measured. $ habitat was not categorized at this locality. % GPS coordinates available upon request from Charles H. Wharton Conservation Center

Spectra data

List of specimens for which spectra were measured. Sex/larva column indicates whether specimen was a larval individual (L) or an adult male (M) or female (F). LM and LF indicate that a larval light organ was measured in an adult male or female respectively. Activity time (Act) is for the population from which the specimen was caught and is coded as 0 for start of activity beginning prior to 30 minutes after sunset and 1 for activity beginning more than 30 minutes after sunset. Habitat (Hab) is for the population from which the specimen was caught and is coded as 0 for open, 1 for mixed, and 2 for closed habitats. Also shown are the number of spectra measured per individual (#), and the mean (Peak lambda) and variance (Var_lambda) of the peak emission wavelength for each specimen. Identification number (ID #) corresponds to KSH collection; NC indicates individual not collected. Location code from Table S1. SF = Single Flash

Individuals per species

The total number of individuals measured for each species: males (M), females (F), and larvae (L). In three individuals, remnant larval light organ emissions were measured in adult males (LM) or females (LF). Total = 786 individuals representing 25 species, including 675 males in 24 species