Constructive Strict-Approach to Attorney-Client Privilege in Bankruptcy: Lack of Clarity in Rule 502 Makes Its Application to Bankruptcy Unclear

Electronic discovery (e-discovery) creates issues that are fundamentally different from the issues associated with paper discovery.\u27 In response to these differences, the United States Congress promulgated the 2006 Amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. These amendments address a number of problems associated with e-discovery; however, they do not address many of the specific problems associated with the attorney-client privilege that arise from large amounts of electronically stored information (ESI).2 The United States House of Representatives Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure proposed Rule 502 of Evidence (Rule 502) to address these issues. Rule 502 addresses the effects of inadvertent disclosures in discovery, and whether those inadvertent disclosures operate as waivers of the attorney-client privilege. Unfortunately, the proposed rule does not address many of the intricate situations that are present in every bankruptcy case. This Note first examines broadly the scope of ESI and e-discovery and their effect on the legal field. Next, it discusses generally the attorney- client privilege and how waiver occurs. Then this Note analyzes Rule 502 and how it addresses several problems attorneys currently face with waiver of the attorney-client privilege in e-discovery. Then, it shows how Rule 502 does not address two specific problems in the bankruptcy context. Finally, it will offer attorneys a few suggestions to insure that the client\u27s attorney-client privilege is preserved

Expletive Verb Marking in Abkhaz

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Semantic Typology and Semantic Universals (1993

The geopolitics of civil war intervention

The regional interests of third party interveners are critical determinants of intervention in civil war. Foreign policymakers often tout the importance of regional stability when justifying their intervention decisions, as civil wars have shown a distinct tendency to be geographically contagious. Third parties observe these regional diffusion properties and consider a war's likelihood of infecting its regional context when deciding whether or not to become involved. As a third party becomes increasingly able to contain a civil war's hostilities from spreading into a region of foreign policy value to the potential intervener, intervention to contain the conflict becomes increasingly likely. I draw on theories of war diffusion and intervention to construct a model of intervention decision making, focusing on third party interests in the containment of conflict hostilities. Hypotheses derived from this model are then tested on the population of potential interveners for all civil wars in the post{World War II period. The empirical results support the theoretical arguments put forth in the intervention model, as third parties are shown to intervene in confiicts that threaten the third party's regional stability interests. In addition, the relative effectiveness of intervention as a tool for containing civil war hostilities is empirically tested. The findings indicate that interventions increase the likelihood of regional contagion in the short{term, but decrease its likelihood in the longterm. The theoretical and empirical advances of this dissertation represent the first study to directly address how the contagious properties of civil conflicts affect intervention phenomena

Asymmetric three-beam binary optic grating

Binary and diffractive optical components are finding many applications in optical systems and integrated optical devices. A recent application required the development of a two-dimensional diffraction grating to perform an asymmetric, three-beam fanout. In this paper, techniques are presented for the design of arbitrary fanout grating devices. Modeling and optimization processes are demonstrated for the three-beam grating. The counter-intuitive results of the initial design are discussed, and experimental data verifying performance are presented

Two-color holography concept (T-CHI)

The Material Processing in the Space Program of NASA-MSFC was active in developing numerous optical techniques for the characterization of fluids in the vicinity of various materials during crystallization and/or solidification. Two-color holographic interferometry demonstrates that temperature and concentration separation in transparent (T-CHI) model systems is possible. The experiments were performed for particular (succinonitrile) systems. Several solutions are possible in Microgravity Sciences and Applications (MSA) experiments on future Shuttle missions. The theory of the T-CHI concept is evaluated. Although particular cases are used for explanations, the concepts developed will be universal. A breadboard system design is also presented for ultimate fabrication and testing of theoretical findings. New developments in holography involving optical fibers and diode lasers are also incorporated

Adaptation of a human gut epithelial model in relation to the assessment of clinical pharmacokinetic parameters for selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors

The absorption, efflux and transport properties of two of the most commonly used tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), Erlotinib (E) and Gefitinib (G) were investigated using an adapted workable methodology of a 3-day Caco-2 cell monolayer transwell system, a standard model to test drug permeability and uptake of orally administered compounds. Monolayer integrity was tested using trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, while drug concentrations were determined with a validated LC-MS/ MS technique. Addition of 5 % bovine serum albumin (BSA) maintained drug concentrations at 20 µM through the avoidance of chelate formation, (nevertheless, a reduced accumulative mass transport of the protein bound drug was observed). Investigation with Ko143 (a specific blocker of ABCG2) or NaN3 (a metabolic inhibitor) indicated an interplay between active transport and passive diffusion for gefitinib, while active transport proved to be absent for erlotinib (p < 0.05). The mechanism indicates that ABCG2 is partially involved with accumulation of gefitinib in the cell. This adapted methodology is well suited for absorption, efflux and transport studies and may be extended to investigate the dominant mechanism involved in the transport of TKIs

Retrospective Study of Salinomycin Toxicosis in 66 Cats

We examined 66 cats with salinomycin intoxication. Salinomycin caused different LMN signs of varying degrees of severity in all cases. Changes in blood work were unspecific, with the most frequent being increased serum creatine kinase activity, leukocytosis, and increased liver enzymes. Pathological electrodiagnostic findings: fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves were detected in 10 cases, motor nerve conductance velocity was mildly decreased in 8/12 cats, and sensory nerve conductance velocity and repetitive nerve stimulation were normal in all examined cases. In five cases the peripheral neuropathy was confirmed by pathohistology. Fluid therapy and supportive care were used as therapy and 52 cats recovered completely. The probability for complete remission was significantly different between mildly and severely affected cases. It seems that the severity of clinical signs and prognosis correlate well with the amount of toxin ingested. We conclude that early recognition and decontamination combined with supportive care results in complete recovery