The impact of baby boomer retirements on teacher labor markets

This article explores the future of teacher labor markets. The authors find that teacher hiring needs will rise over the coming decade largely because of retirements. However, this increase will not be significantly different from that of past decades.Labor market ; Retirement

How will baby boomer retirements affect teacher labor markets?

The authors estimate teacher demand and supply through 2020 to gauge the impact of baby boomer retirements on the demand for new teachers. They find that the projected demand will accelerate through at least 2020, and a good portion of this increase will be due to retirements. Still, this demand, once it has been adjusted for the size of the potential work force, will not be considerably different from that of the past five decades.Retirement ; Labor market

Remittance behavior among new U.S. immigrants

I analyze remittance behavior among new legal immigrants in the US using a nationally representative survey of immigrants admitted to legal permanent residency in 2003. I find that the distribution of remittances is skewed to the right, with a small number of immigrants sending very large amounts. I find evidence against the pure altruism model and find that remittances may be used for investments in the home country. Using longitudinal data from the NIS, I construct a measure of permanent income and estimate remittance-income elasticities. I find that large country differentials in remittance behavior are only partially explained by observable characteristics of the donor, recipient and origin country. Future work will incorporate later waves of the 2003 NIS in order to observe return migration (and its relationship to remittance and home country investment decisions) and life cycle income-remittance movements.Immigrants ; Remittances

Assessment of shallow subsea hydrocarbons as a proxy for leakage at offshore geologic CO2 storage sites

Bureau of Economic Geolog

A developmental approach to diversifying neuroscience through effective mentorship practices: perspectives on cross-identity mentorship and a critical call to action.

Many early-career neuroscientists with diverse identities may not have mentors who are more advanced in the neuroscience pipeline and have a congruent identity due to historic biases, laws, and policies impacting access to education. Cross-identity mentoring relationships pose challenges and power imbalances that impact the retention of diverse early career neuroscientists, but also hold the potential for a mutually enriching and collaborative relationship that fosters the mentee\u27s success. Additionally, the barriers faced by diverse mentees and their mentorship needs may evolve with career progression and require developmental considerations. This article provides perspectives on factors that impact cross-identity mentorship from individuals participating in Diversifying the Community of Neuroscience (CNS)-a longitudinal, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) R25 neuroscience mentorship program developed to increase diversity in the neurosciences. Participants in Diversifying CNS were comprised of 14 graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and early career faculty who completed an online qualitative survey on cross-identity mentorship practices that impact their experience in neuroscience fields. Qualitative survey data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis and resulted in four themes across career levels: (1) approach to mentorship and interpersonal dynamics, (2) allyship and management of power imbalance, (3) academic sponsorship, and (4) institutional barriers impacting navigation of academia. These themes, along with identified mentorship needs by developmental stage, provide insights mentors can use to better support the success of their mentees with diverse intersectional identities. As highlighted in our discussion, a mentor\u27s awareness of systemic barriers along with active allyship are foundational for their role

Antigen-driven colonic inflammation is associated with development of dysplasia in primary sclerosing cholangitis

© The Author(s). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an immune-mediated disease of the bile ducts that co-occurs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in almost 90% of cases. Colorectal cancer is a major complication of patients with PSC and IBD, and these patients are at a much greater risk compared to patients with IBD without concomitant PSC. Combining flow cytometry, bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, and T and B cell receptor repertoire analysis of right colon tissue from 65 patients with PSC, 108 patients with IBD and 48 healthy individuals we identified a unique adaptive inflammatory transcriptional signature associated with greater risk and shorter time to dysplasia in patients with PSC. This inflammatory signature is characterized by antigen-driven interleukin-17A (IL-17A)+ forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ CD4 T cells that express a pathogenic IL-17 signature, as well as an expansion of IgG-secreting plasma cells. These results suggest that the mechanisms that drive the emergence of dysplasia in PSC and IBD are distinct and provide molecular insights that could guide prevention of colorectal cancer in individuals with PSC.This work was supported by the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable trust (SHARE), the Digestive Diseases Research Core Center C-IID P30 DK42086 at the University of Chicago, the PSC Partners Seeking a Cure Canada and the Sczholtz Family Foundation. K.R.M. is supported by grant no. NS124187. S.C.S. is supported by an American Gastroenterological Association Research Scholar Award, Veterans Affairs Career Development Award (no. ICX002027A01) and the San Diego Digestive Diseases Research Center (no. P30 DK120515). C.Q. is supported by the BBSRC Core Strategic Programme Grant (BB/CSP1720/1, BBS/E/T/000PR9818 and BBS/E/T/000PR9817). I.H.J. is supported by a Rosalind Franklin Fellowship from the University of Groningen and a Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research VIDI grant no. 016.171.047. D.G.S. is supported by grant no. F30DK121470.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Three Essays in Social Insurance

This dissertation is a collection of three essays on the design of safety net programs for low-income households in the U.S. Many U.S. safety net programs involve in-kind transfers, which are used in order to both alter consumption patterns among recipients and limit take-up by ineligibles. However, in the absence of its own network of providers, the government must rely on private vendors to serve as its agents in rendering transfers, giving rise to two types of agency problems: (1) vendors may refuse to participate in government programs, leaving needy people unserved or (2) vendors may engage in fraud in order to increase their payoff from participation. A separate issue arises when government intervention in private markets causes general equilibrium effects on third parties. The first essay examines attempts to reduce vendor fraud in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) using data on the staggered rollout of a fraud reduction program in Texas. Vendors were required to move to an electronic payment system, which allowed regulators to more easily verify reimbursement claims. I show that the program was effective in reducing fraud, but also that it increased vendor non-participation, leading to a reduction in WIC take-up among eligible women. I also show that the fraud reduction program increased prices paid by non-WIC shoppers by 9\%. My results indicate that the effectiveness of policies intended to alter consumption patterns among welfare recipients depend crucially on the incentives of providers and that enforcement measures interact with these incentives. The second essay, co-authored with Ilyana Kuziemko and Maya Rossin-Slater, analyzes the effects of contracting out Medicaid benefits to insurance companies on health disparities among low-income mothers and children. Increasingly in U.S. public insurance programs, the state finances competing, capitated health plans rather than using a fee-for-service (FFS) model. We study how high- and low-cost infants (blacks and Hispanics, respectively) are affected by the transition from FFS to Medicaid managed care (MMC). We find that black-Hispanic infant health disparities \emph{widen}---e.g., black mortality increases by 12\% while the Hispanic mortality \emph{decreases} by 22\%---and care worsens for blacks. Additionally, black birth rates fall. We present a model of risk-selection in which capitation incentivizes competing plans to offer better care to low-cost clients to retain them in future periods. The third essay uses a novel identification design to study the impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on fertility among low-income mothers. Maternal labor market time is thought to play an important role in childbearing. Therefore, wage subsidies like the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) may impact fertility among low-income households. Existing literature finds no effect of the EITC on completed fertility, however. I therefore consider whether the EITC affects a different fertility outcome: birth spacing. If there are economies of scale in childrearing, mothers may reduce space between births to minimize time spent out of the labor market. Close spacing is thought to be detrimental to child health and educational outcomes. To identify the effects of the EITC, I use a new regression discontinuity design (RD) in first child's birth month around the end of the year. Children born before the end of the year can be claimed as dependents on that year's tax returns, substantially increasing EITC eligibility for first time parents. My design incorporates recent evidence that first time EITC eligibility functions as an information shock for many recipients. I find that EITC receipt decreases time to second child by 3-4\%. Effects are concentrated among single mothers (19\% decrease), whereas I find no effects for married mothers or on completed fertility. My findings suggest there may be unintended negative effects of welfare-to-work policies on children in single parent households. Taken together, my findings demonstrate that the design of welfare programs --- including whether or not delivery of benefits is contracted out to private firms --- plays a crucial role in program efficacy, affecting both equity and efficiency concerns. My findings regarding the role of private vendors contrast with traditional economic research on safety net programs, which tends to focus on agency issues between the government and the low income recipients

Hydraulic fracturing and infant health: New evidence from Pennsylvania

The development of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") is considered the biggest change to the global energy production system in the last half-century. However, several communities have banned fracking because of unresolved concerns about the impact of this process on human health. To evaluate the potential health impacts of fracking, we analyzed records of more than 1.1 million births in Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2013, comparing infants born to mothers living at different distances from active fracking sites and those born both before and after fracking was initiated at each site. We adjusted for fixed maternal determinants of infant health by comparing siblings who were and were not exposed to fracking sites in utero. We found evidence for negative health effects of in utero exposure to fracking sites within 3 km of a mother's residence, with the largest health impacts seen for in utero exposure within 1 km of fracking sites. Negative health impacts include a greater incidence of low-birth weight babies as well as significant declines in average birth weight and in several other measures of infant health. There is little evidence for health effects at distances beyond 3 km, suggesting that health impacts of fracking are highly local. Informal estimates suggest that about 29, 000 of the nearly 4 million annual U.S. births occur within 1 km of an active fracking site and that these births therefore may be at higher risk of poor birth outcomes

Hydraulic fracturing and infant health: New evidence from Pennsylvania

The development of hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) is considered the biggest change to the global energy production system in the last half-century. However, several communities have banned fracking because of unresolved concerns about the impact of this process on human health. To evaluate the potential health impacts of fracking, we analyzed records of more than 1.1 million births in Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2013, comparing infants born to mothers living at different distances from active fracking sites and those born both before and after fracking was initiated at each site. We adjusted for fixed maternal determinants of infant health by comparing siblings who were and were not exposed to fracking sites in utero. We found evidence for negative health effects of in utero exposure to fracking sites within 3 km of a mother’s residence, with the largest health impacts seen for in utero exposure within 1 km of fracking sites. Negative health impacts include a greater incidence of low–birth weight babies as well as significant declines in average birth weight and in several other measures of infant health. There is little evidence for health effects at distances beyond 3 km, suggesting that health impacts of fracking are highly local. Informal estimates suggest that about 29,000 of the nearly 4 million annual U.S. births occur within 1 km of an active fracking site and that these births therefore may be at higher risk of poor birth outcomes