Measuring Anxiety as a Treatment Endpoint in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Despite the high rate of anxiety in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), measuring anxiety in ASD is fraught with uncertainty. This is due, in part, to incomplete consensus on the manifestations of anxiety in this population. Autism Speaks assembled a panel of experts to conduct a systematic review of available measures for anxiety in youth with ASD. To complete the review, the panel held monthly conference calls and two face-to-face meetings over a fourteen-month period. Thirty eight published studies were reviewed and ten assessment measures were examined: four were deemed appropriate for use in clinical trials, although with conditions; three were judged to be potentially appropriate, while three were considered not useful for clinical trials assessing anxiety. Despite recent advances, additional relevant, reliable and valid outcome measures are needed to evaluate treatments for anxiety in ASD

Seasonal production, allocation and cycling of carbon in two mid-elevation tropical montane forest plots in the Peruvian Andes

Background: Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) are unique ecosystems with high biodiversity and large carbon reservoirs. To date there have been limited descriptions of the carbon cycle of TMCF. Aims: We present results on the production, allocation and cycling of carbon for two mid-elevation (1500-1750 m) tropical montane cloud forest plots in San Pedro, Kosnipata Valley, Peru. Methods: We repeatedly recorded the components of net primary productivity (NPP) using biometric measurements, and autotrophic (R-a) and heterotrophic (Rh) respiration, using gas exchange measurements. From these we estimated gross primary productivity (GPP) and carbon use efficiency (CUE) at the plot level. Results: The plot at 1500 m was found very productive, with our results comparable with the most productive lowland Amazonian forests. The plot at 1750 m had significantly lower productivity, possibly because of greater cloud immersion. Both plots had similar patterns of NPP allocation, a substantial seasonality in NPP components and little seasonality in R-a. Conclusions: These two plots lie within the ecotone between lower and upper montane forests, near the level of the cloud base. Climate change is likely to increase elevation of the cloud base, resulting in shifts in forest functioning. Longer-term surveillance of the carbon cycle at these sites would yield valuable insights into the response of TMCFs to a shifting cloud base

Productivity and carbon allocation in a tropical montane cloud forest in the Peruvian Andes

<div><p> <b><i>Background:</i></b> The slopes of the eastern Andes harbour some of the highest biodiversity on Earth and a high proportion of endemic species. However, there have been only a few and limited descriptions of carbon budgets in tropical montane forest regions.</p> <p> <b><i>Aims:</i></b> We present the first comprehensive data on the production, allocation and cycling of carbon for two high elevation (ca. 3000 m) tropical montane cloud forest plots in the Kosñipata Valley, Peruvian Andes.</p> <p> <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We measured the main components and seasonal variation of net primary productivity (<i>NPP</i>), autotrophic (<i>R</i>_a) and heterotrophic (<i>R</i>_h) respiration to estimate gross primary productivity (<i>GPP</i>) and carbon use efficiency (<i>CUE</i>) in two 1-ha plots.</p> <p> <b><i>Results:</i></b><i>NPP</i> for the two plots was estimated to be 7.05 ± 0.39 and 8.04 ± 0.47 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, <i>GPP</i> to be 22.33 ± 2.23 and 26.82 ± 2.97 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and <i>CUE</i> was 0.32 ± 0.04 and 0.30 ± 0.04.</p> <p> <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We found strong seasonality in <i>NPP</i> and moderate seasonality of <i>R</i>_a, suggesting that forest <i>NPP</i> is driven by changes in photosynthesis and highlighting the importance of variation in solar radiation. Our findings imply that trees invest more in biomass production in the cooler season with lower solar radiation and more in maintenance during the warmer and high solar radiation period.</p> </div