The sense of agency and its role in strategic control for expert mountain bikers

Much work on the sense of agency has focused either on abnormal cases, such as delusions of control, or on simple action tasks in the laboratory. Few studies address the nature of the sense of agency in complex natural settings, or the effect of skill on the sense of agency. Working from 2 case studies of mountain bike riding, we argue that the sense of agency in high-skill individuals incorporates awareness of multiple causal influences on action outcomes. This allows fine-grained differentiation of the contributions of self and external factors to action outcomes. We further argue that the sense of agency incorporates prospective awareness of actions that are possible in a situation and awareness of the limits of control. These forms of sense of agency enable highly flexible, context-sensitive strategic control, and are likely to contribute to high interindividual variability in responses to complex tasks

Ascospore release and survival in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The release and survival of ascospores of a UK Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate were studied. Apothecia placed in a spore clock apparatus with different lighting regimes at 15 °C released ascospores continuously with an increasing rate for the duration of experiments (72–84 h). Spore release was not confined to light or dark periods in alternating regimes and occurred in continuous dark or light. Ascospores were released in both saturated air (90–95% rh) and at 65–75% rh. High temperature and rh were detrimental to ascospore survival but spore viability was maintained for longer periods than previously reported. The significance of these results in relation to disease control is discussed

Antimicrobial catheters for reduction of symptomatic urinary tract infection in adults requiring short-term catheterisation in hospital : a multicentre randomised controlled trial

Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID: 23134837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Peer reviewedPostprin

tert-Butyl 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperidine-1-carboxyl­ate

The reaction of (E)-tert-butyl 4-[3-(dimethyl­amino)acrylo­yl]piperidine-1-carboxyl­ate with methyl­hydrazine leads to the formation of the title compound, C14H23N3O2, with a 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl substituent. The plane of the pyrazole ring forms a dihedral angle of 33.4 (1)° with the approximate mirror plane of the piperidine ring

5-Chloro-N-[2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)eth­yl]-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine

The title compound, C12H13ClN6, was prepared by reaction of 4,5-dichloro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine with 2-(1H-imid­azol-4-yl)-N-methyl­ethanamine, and the X-ray study confirmed that chloro-substituent in six-membered ring was replaced in the reaction. The exocyclic N atom environment is approximately coplanar with the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine [corresponding dihedral angle is 5.5 (1)°], whereas the mean plane of the N—C—C—C link connecting with the imidazolyl ring is almost exactly orthogonal to the plane of the bicyclic system [dihedral angle = 91.6 (2)°]. The imidazolyl plane itself, however, forms a relatively small dihedral angle of 20.8 (1)° with the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine plane. There are two independent N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds in the structure, which link mol­ecules into layers parallel to (03)

Lifestyle Matters for maintenance of health and wellbeing in people aged 65 years and over: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background Healthy, active ageing is strongly associated with good mental wellbeing which in turn helps to prevent mental illness. However, more investment has been made into research into interventions to prevent mental illness than into those designed to improve mental wellbeing. This applied research programme will provide high quality evidence for an intervention designed to improve and sustain mental wellbeing in older adults. Methods/Design This study was a multi-centre, pragmatic, two-arm, parallel group, individually randomised controlled trial to determine the population benefit of an occupational therapy based intervention for community living people aged 65 years or older. Participants (n = 268) will be identified in one city in the North of England and in North Wales through GP mail-outs, signposting by local authority, primary care staff and voluntary sector organisations and through community engagement. Participants will be randomised to one of two treatment arms: an intervention (Lifestyle Matters programme); or control (routine access to health and social care). All participants will be assessed at baseline, 6 and 24 months post-randomisation. The primary outcome, which is a person reported outcome, is the SF-36 Mental Health dimension at six months post randomisation. Secondary outcome measures have been selected to measure psychosocial, physical and mental health outcomes. They include other dimensions of the SF36, EQ-5D-3L, Brief Resilience Scale, General Perceived Self Efficacy Scale, PHQ-9, de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, Health and Social Care Resource Use and the wellbeing question of the Integrated Household Survey 2011. A cost effectiveness analysis will investigate the incremental cost per Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) of the Lifestyle Matters intervention compared with treatment as usual. Discussion The questions being posed through this research are important given the increasing numbers of older people, pressure on the public purse and the associated need to support good health in the extended lifespan. The proposed trial will determine the clinical and cost effectiveness of the intervention delivered in a UK context. The results will support commissioners and providers with decisions about implementation.</p