A Poor Third? A Reexamination of Manuscript and Print Markets in Fifteenth and Sixteenth-Century Rouen

Manuscript and print scholars of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries have deemed Rouen a ‘poor third’ to the workshops in Paris and Lyon. Lacking the cultural status and political influence of these two major centers of book production, Rouen’s manuscript tradition has been coined an “eclectic” group of illuminators who were limited to a local, discontinuous demand for books and whose regional role hardly even bears examination. However, Between 1419 and 1449, Rouen was an epicenter of political and economic exchange between Normandy and England. The city’s manuscript ateliers experienced a period of unparalleled patronage from an international, elite clientele, and the city’s booming export market to England attracted artistic talent from Paris, which experienced a period of economic and artistic decline beginning in the 1420s. As a result of Rouen’s unprecedented manuscript production and cultural exchange with England during the first half of the fifteenth century, Rouen’s subsequent printing industry during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries was able to outcompete every major printing center in Europe—including Paris—in the production of liturgical books for the English market. The focus of this study is twofold. The first part of the paper examines Rouen’s historical conditions and the city’s manuscript production during the first half of the fifteenth century. The second part investigates how Rouen’s printing ateliers captured the export market for English liturgical books during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. In this paper, I argue that Rouen’s rise to political and economic preeminence during the English occupation of Normandy established a tradition of English aristocratic patronage in the city and attracted talent away from Paris to Rouen, the new artistic capital of France. These two phenomena, I argue, laid the foundation for Rouen’s success in capturing the export market for printed liturgical books to England. Rouen, rather than being France’s poor stepchild of print, was in fact a vibrant printing center that experienced a brief, yet brilliant period of dominance in the production and marketing of Sarum missals. It achieved this dominance largely through the voluminous production, material hybridity, and nationalistic marketing strategies of one Rouennais printer, Martin Morin

A Poor Third? A Reexamination of Manuscript and Print Markets in Fifteenth and Sixteenth-Century Rouen

Manuscript and print scholars of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries have deemed Rouen a ‘poor third’ to the workshops in Paris and Lyon. Lacking the cultural status and political influence of these two major centers of book production, Rouen’s manuscript tradition has been coined an “eclectic” group of illuminators who were limited to a local, discontinuous demand for books and whose regional role hardly even bears examination. However, Between 1419 and 1449, Rouen was an epicenter of political and economic exchange between Normandy and England. The city’s manuscript ateliers experienced a period of unparalleled patronage from an international, elite clientele, and the city’s booming export market to England attracted artistic talent from Paris, which experienced a period of economic and artistic decline beginning in the 1420s. As a result of Rouen’s unprecedented manuscript production and cultural exchange with England during the first half of the fifteenth century, Rouen’s subsequent printing industry during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries was able to outcompete every major printing center in Europe—including Paris—in the production of liturgical books for the English market. The focus of this study is twofold. The first part of the paper examines Rouen’s historical conditions and the city’s manuscript production during the first half of the fifteenth century. The second part investigates how Rouen’s printing ateliers captured the export market for English liturgical books during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. In this paper, I argue that Rouen’s rise to political and economic preeminence during the English occupation of Normandy established a tradition of English aristocratic patronage in the city and attracted talent away from Paris to Rouen, the new artistic capital of France. These two phenomena, I argue, laid the foundation for Rouen’s success in capturing the export market for printed liturgical books to England. Rouen, rather than being France’s poor stepchild of print, was in fact a vibrant printing center that experienced a brief, yet brilliant period of dominance in the production and marketing of Sarum missals. It achieved this dominance largely through the voluminous production, material hybridity, and nationalistic marketing strategies of one Rouennais printer, Martin Morin

'It's just what you do' : how can educational psychologists and early years practitioners work together to reflect on pedagogy?

DAppEdPsy ThesisSocial Constructivist Theory (SCT) represents an evidence-based pedagogical approach, underpinning some of the world’s most successful education systems. The approach emphasises the importance of developing a pedagogy beginning from children’s interests and scaffolded by educators. SCT also provides a lens to view the learning of others and ourselves, providing a useful basis for reflective professional development. Educational psychologists (EPs) offer expertise in research and theory, therefore are well placed to support practitioner professional development utilising theoretical frameworks. Such approaches provide an alternative to the common reactive practice of EPs, and pressures of a performativity culture felt by educators; offering both parties the opportunity to explore new directions for practice, within a Community of Learners. Chapter one details how a combined synthesis was utilised to review SCT and dispositions literature. This led to a nuanced consideration of how SCT can support educators to create environments which exemplify and encourage positive learning dispositions. Chapter two bridges the literature review and empirical research, explaining how the researcher’s ontological and epistemological pragmatic stance influenced the research. Discussions of methodological decisions and ethical practice are also included here. The final chapter details the empirical study which aimed to explore how the elements highlighted in the literature review could be used to support EYs practitioners to reflect on their practice. The study aimed to identify how EPs and EYs practitioners could work together using video to reflect on pedagogy. The study involved six members of staff from nursery and reception. Five weeks of videoing and reflective sessions were completed. Following the project, staff and the researcher were involved in a collaborative evaluative dialogue, analysed using data driven thematic analysis. Emerging themes suggest collaborative reflection with colleagues and an EP led to changes in perspectives and practice

The mental health of young people with experiences of homelessness

Background: A link between youth homelessness and mental illness is recognised (Bines, 1994; Craig & Hodson, 1998; Kamieniecki, 2001; Whitbeck, Johnson, Hoyt, Cauce, 2004). However, very little empirically robust research has examined the role mental health plays in the lives of young homeless people, particularly in the United Kingdom. In the UK, approximately 80,000 young people are known to experience homelessness each year. The actual figure is likely to be far larger as it does not take into account those young people who are ‘hidden homeless’ (DePaul UK, 2013). Young people with experiences of homelessness represent a highly vulnerable group in terms of their mental health (Hodgson, Shelton, van den Bree & Los, 2013). This thesis aimed to explore the relationship between psychopathology and youth homelessness and presents the findings of a prospective longitudinal study comprising of three interview stages over the course of two years. The design aims to address the gaps in our knowledge about these two phenomena. The thesis begins by providing an introduction to the area of youth homelessness in the UK (Chapter 1). The relationship between mental illness and homelessness is explored by drawing on a number of psychological theories including family systems, attachment, diathesis stress and the social support stress buffering hypothesis. This is followed by a systematic literature review examining the prevalence of mental health issues within this population and exploring the link between the two phenomena (Chapter 2). The review reveals high rates of psychopathology among young homeless people and identifies a possible reciprocal relationship between homelessness and mental illness. Chapter 3 provides a description of the research method and questionnaires. The longitudinal design used in this project involved three waves of data collection using a pack of questionnaires that explored a range of housing situations, family background, maltreatment, 2 criminality, self-control, loneliness and self-mastery. The interviews also included a full neuropsychiatric assessment in order to assess presence or absence of mental illness. In Chapter 4 a detailed description of the 121 participants recruited for the study revealed a sample representative of the youth homeless population as a whole. The sample had high levels of mental health problems (88%) and had a number of other areas of vulnerability including high rates of comorbidity, past abuse experiences, heavy use of drugs and alcohol, problematic family relationships and premature exits from education. Chapter 5 involved the analysis of the relationship between current disorder and future access to health and mental health services. The results revealed that while young homeless people had a particularly high rate of disorder they also had relatively low levels of access to appropriate services at follow up. However, access to emergency medical care was high. Some forms of disorder, such as depression, were particularly predictive of future health care use whereas other disorders including substance dependence were not. Cluster analysis using differing lifetime mental health conditions was conducted in Chapter 6 in order to identify subgroups of young people with experiences of homelessness. The subgroups derived from this analysis were used to examine differences in past, current and future experiences. Identification of three groups enabled prediction of future outcomes measured at follow up including differences in levels of observed loneliness and self-mastery, as well as level of suicide risk. The final analysis in Chapter 7 was concerned with change in mental health status over the course of the longitudinal study. A fine grained analysis of different characteristics and experiences was conducted, with the aim of assessing the differences between young people whose mental health improved, worsened or remained stable. The research reported in this chapter and the findings of the cluster analysis was then synthesised to further validate the 3 subgroups. This revealed relationships between poor past mental health and future mental health problems. The implications of the findings are discussed in Chapter 8 in terms of psychological theory, intervention work and current government policy relating to youth homelessness. Service providers need to be aware of the prevalence and variation of mental illness among the young people they support. Mental health offers a way of grouping young homeless people in order to tailor support that improves outcomes. Interventions need to be adapted and made accessible, collaborative work should be encouraged enabling support that accounts for heterogeneity in this population

Musculoskeletal care pathways for adults

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions are the most frequently reported chronic conditions and one of the biggest causes of disability in the UK. Given the ageing population and the impact of these problems, the demand for MSK treatment will rise. Despite reduced waiting times, MSK pathways have remained variable and inconsistent and need to be improved to meet patient needs. The aim of this systematic review is to understand the evidence for the effectiveness of current models of service delivery and care pathways for adult hip/knee pain patients accessing secondary care for specialist opinions. Methods: MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, CINAHL, Embase, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central and HMIC databases will be searched without language restrictions for papers published from 1990 onward. Websites will be reviewed for grey literature including care pathways, policy documents and unpublished MSK research. Additionally, reference lists will be checked and citations tracked for included studies. Discussion: The following evidence will be included: research considering care pathways at the intersection between primary and secondary care for adults with hip and/or knee pain in countries with an established clinical pathway. Studies considering generalised inflammatory arthropathy and post-surgical care pathways will be excluded. Screening for included data will be conducted independently by two reviewers. After benchmarking, quality assessment and data extraction will be conducted by one reviewer and checked by a second. A mixed method analysis will be conducted. This systematic review will be used as part of a programme of research to identify best practice for MSK hip and knee pain care pathways. It will provide recommendations for pathway re-design to meet patient needs and ensure efficient streamlining of the patient journey. The review will combine a wide range of information sources including patient and clinician opinion, clinical guidelines, health service delivery research and stakeholder requirements. This should result in a pathway that provides better patient experience and outcomes, whilst meeting the demands placed on the NHS for high-quality evidence-based interventions with efficient use of resources

Social Marketing , Education and the Female Workforce : A Comparison of United Arab Emirates and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The religious, socioeconomic, and political status are fundamental principles that form the values of women\u27s lifestyles in the Muslim World and especially in the GCC. It varies largely from nation to nation depending on how globalization has managed to affect the society in line with the lifestyles of modern living. The World Economic Forum report (WEF, 2014) shows that the UAE focuses on transforming the country into a diversified self-sustaining market-driven economy. The economic prosperity and presence in the world affairs is mainly due to the leadership\u27s decision to form a free market economy. The open economy, attractive business platform and ease of life have encouraged expatriates to work and live in the UAE forcing its social values to open up. This has had a direct effect on the lifestyles of Emirati society, and women in particular. On the other hand, the exclusion of Saudi women from public life is no doubt a heated debate in the international scene. The government of Saudi Arabia has been strictly persistent in applying its cultural values in most macro-economic aspects such as education, technology (1), and policy. The research findings prove, based on the statistical approach, that government intervention has played a vital role in increasing the contribution of women in the workforce in both countries, the UAE and KSA, by supporting the required legal and official reforms. The substantial investment in education, of both governments, has proved to be one of the most important drives to increase the women workforce. Despite the different levels of contribution in the social media platforms, the survey conducted under the context of this research revealed that social media played a positive role in motivating women to work in both countries

Psychopathology among young homeless people: Longitudinal mental health outcomes for different subgroups

Background Homeless young people are recognized as a very vulnerable group in terms of mental health; however, few studies in the UK have examined this. Furthermore, homeless young people represent a heterogeneous group in terms of their mental health and greater characterization could improve intervention work. Objectives The aims of this study were to examine prevalence and subtypes of psychopathology among a British sample of young homeless people and to investigate potential associations between identified typologies and a priori specified current and past experiences. In addition, the study intended to explore physical health, mental health, and housing outcomes for the different mental health subgroups. Design A prospective longitudinal design was used. Methods Structured interviews including a mental health assessment were conducted with 90 young homeless people aged 16–23 years. Follow-up interviews were conducted approximately 10 and 20 months later. Cluster analysis at baseline was used to identify groups based on lifetime mental health problems. Results The current and lifetime incidence of mental health problems was high (88% and 93%, respectively). Three subgroups of homeless young people were identified: (1) minimal mental health issues; (2) mood, substance, and conduct disorder; and (3) post-traumatic stress disorder, mood, and anxiety issues. These groups differed with respect to follow-up indicators of change and stability of mental health status, service use, and suicide risk, but not housing outcome. Other characteristics (gender ratio, past experiences) also distinguished the subgroups. Conclusions Typologies of young homeless people based on psychopathology reveal differences in lifetime and future experiences including mental health at follow-up. Identified groups could be used to tailor interventions towards differing needs. Practitioner points Low mood, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychosis are common mental health issues among young homeless people in the UK. Subgroups of young homeless people with differing needs can be identified, and these groups can be used to predict outcomes. Tailoring support provision towards specific needs has the potential to improve mental health and other outcomes for vulnerable young homeless people. Young homeless people often do not access the support to which they are entitled. Services need to be adapted to improve access for this group