“A Classic for the Elders”: Marketing Charles and Mary Lamb in the Nineteenth Century

Mary and Charles Lamb’s Tales from Shakespear (1807) is generally taken as the starting point for the subgenre of “children’s Shakespeare,” in that it is an adaptation of Shakespeare’s plays aimed at young children which promises to entertain as well as to educate its young readers. The Tales have never been out of print since 1807 and they continue to exert an influence over other authors who adapt Shakespeare for children, both in their choice of plays to adapt and in their translation of the plays from drama to prose. This essay considers the continuing legacy of the Lambs in the subgenre of children’s Shakespeare by examining the ways in which the Tales were repackaged and reissued for new generations of children in the Victorian and Edwardian periods. To this end, rather than focusing on the content of the Tales themselves, this essay instead considers the paratextual elements of later editions. By examining what has been added by successive publishers in the form of prefatory material, epilogues, footnotes, and cover artwork, this essay assesses how the marketing of Shakespeare to young people has changed during this period: what strategies have authors and publishers used to sell these books, and who is their target audience? How do these authors and publishers envision the relationship between the Lambs’ Tales and Shakespeare’s plays? Finally, what values are evident in these continued attempts to present Shakespeare to young people through Tales from Shakespeare?On considère généralement Tales from Shakespear (1807) de Charles et Mary Lamb comme le point d’origine du sous-genre littéraire « Shakespeare pour enfants », dans la mesure où il s’agit d’une adaptation des pièces de Shakespeare à destination d’enfants qui promet de divertir ses jeunes lecteurs tout en les instruisant. Ces Tales sont constamment rééditées depuis 1807 et elles continuent d’influencer d’autres auteurs qui adaptent Shakespeare pour un jeune public, à la fois dans la sélection des pièces et dans la traduction en prose du texte théâtral. Cet essai s’intéresse à l’héritage perpétué des Lamb dans le domaine de « Shakespeare pour enfants » en étudiant les éditions remaniées des Tales à destination de nouvelles générations d’enfants à l’époque victorienne et édouardienne. Plutôt que de se concentrer sur le contenu des Tales, on envisagera les éléments paratextuels ajoutés par les différents éditeurs des éditions plus tardives (préfaces, épilogues, notes et images de couverture) afin d’évaluer les changements dans la façon dont Shakespeare était présenté aux enfants pendant cette période : quelles stratégies de vente sont mises en œuvre par les auteurs et les éditeurs, et qui est leur public cible ? Comment conçoivent-ils la relation entre les Tales des Lamb et les pièces de Shakespeare ? Quels valeurs transparaissent dans ces entreprises renouvelées de faire découvrir Shakespeare à un jeune public par l’intermédiaire des Tales from Shakespeare 

The characterisation of the cell surface of Staphylococcus aureus in the search for new therapeutic targets

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Science.Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen which causes a wide range of afflictions including endocarditis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis, toxic shock syndrome, and necrotising pneumonia. S. aureus is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections and has rapidly acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials. As such, it was deemed a serious threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2013 indicating urgent attention is required to control this pathogen. Currently there are no efficacious vaccines available to treat infections caused by S. aureus. With resistance being noted against every class of antibiotic currently available, the development of an alternative therapeutic would not only relieve morbidities, mortalities, and the associated economic burden, but also reduce the selective pressures that drive antibiotic resistance. To better understand how S. aureus interacts with the human host and presents antigens that interact with key host cell receptors, a better understanding of which proteins are displayed on the cell surface is required. This dissertation presents an analysis of the surface proteome of S. aureus and describes several potential novel adhesins. Enzymatic cell shaving and surface protein biotinylation were used to catalogue proteins on the cell surface and identify regions within molecules that are surface accessible. Our approaches included methods that maintained protein size context (SDS-PAGE), providing an insight into the extent of surface protein processing. We also characterised heparin-binding proteins in S. aureus and interrogated the data in light of our surface proteome studies. This approach enabled us to gain insight into novel binding characteristics used by surface-accessible proteins that could not be predicted using reverse vaccinology and other hypothesis-directed approaches commonly used to develop potential vaccine candidates. Ascertaining the repertoire of heparin-binding proteins was considered important as these proteins are bacterial virulence factors that facilitate adherence, colonisation, and invasion of target host cells. By coupling these data with other proteomic and bioinformatics techniques, a number of proteins of interest were identified. This includes Elongation Factor Tu, which was found to be surface exposed and highly processed, a finding that has not been seen before in S. aureus. The data presented in the following chapters contributes significantly to the rapidly evolving field of S. aureus proteomics. These data will aid in the development of future therapeutic strategies and highlights a number of proteins for further therapeutic investigation

Secondary school teachers' experiences of supporting mental health

Teachers are often the first contact for students with mental health difficulties. They are in an ideal position to identify students who are struggling and frequently support them using different approaches and techniques. This qualitative study aims to investigate secondary school teachers' experiences of supporting the mental health of their students. 7 secondary school teachers from state-funded schools in the UK participated in face-to-face semi structured interviews. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to understand and structure the data into themes. Five superordinate themes emerged from the data analysis: Perceived role of teacher, nature of relationship, barriers to helping the child, amount of training and resource, and helplessness and satisfaction. Participants described the lack of training, resource and clarity about their role to be causes of frustration. Internal and environmental factors often influenced participants' feelings of helplessness. The findings from this study cannot be readily generalised to the wider population due to the nature of qualitative interviews. This study has led to a greater understanding of the experiences of teachers within a school setting. It is crucial that mental health training for teachers directly meets their needs and abilities. This paper finds value in recognising the lived experience and difficulties faced by teachers supporting students' mental health problems. A theoretical model is presented based on this analysis that can help inform best practice for schools

Barriers to and facilitators of the identification, management and referral of childhood anxiety disorders in primary care: A survey of general practitioners in England

Objectives: Although anxiety disorders are the most common emotional disorders in childhood and are associated with a broad range of negative outcomes, only a minority of affected children receive professional support. In the UK, General Practitioners(GPs) are seen as "gate-keepers" to mental health services. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which GPs experience barriers and facilitators to identifying, managing and accessing specialist services for these disorders, as well as factors associated with GPs’ confidence. Design & setting: Cross-sectional, self-report questionnaire in primary care, addressing identification, management and access to specialist services for children(under 12 years) with anxiety disorders. Participants: 971 GPs in England. Primary outcomes: The primary outcomes for this research was the extent to which GPs felt confident a)identifying and b)managing anxiety disorders in children. Results: Only 51% and 13% of GPs felt confident identifying and managing child anxiety disorders respectively. A minority believed that their training in identification(21%) and management(10%) was adequate. Time restrictions inhibited identification and management, and long waiting times was a barrier to accessing specialist services. Being female(Ex(B)=1.4,95%CI 1.1-1.9) and being in a less deprived practice(Ex(B)=1.1,95%CI 1-1.1) was associated with higher confidence identifying childhood anxiety disorders. Being a parent of a child over the age of 5(Ex(B)=2,95%CI 1.1-3.5) and being in a less deprived practice(Ex(B)=1.1,95%CI 1-1.2) was associated with higher confidence in management. Receipt of psychiatric or paediatric training was not significantly associated with GP confidence. Conclusions: GPs believe they have a role in identifying and managing childhood anxiety disorders, however their confidence appears to be related to their personal experience and the context in which they work, rather than their training, highlighting the need to strengthen GP training and facilitate access to resources and services to enable them to support children with these common but debilitating conditions. Funding: This work was supported by grant a National Institute for Health Research ‘Research Professorship’ to CC (NIHR-RP-2014-04-018). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health

Healthy happy family eating: development and feasibility of an online intervention to improve family eating behaviours

Unhealthy eating in children is a global problem, associated with poor long-term health outcomes and evidence indicates that unhealthy eating habits developed early in life may track into adulthood. Increasingly, description of behaviour change intervention development is encouraged. This paper describes the development and refinement of an online intervention designed to improve family eating behaviours. Part 1 describes three pilot studies designed to collect quantitative and qualitative feedback about the intervention to inform its development. This is followed by Part 2, which describes an additional study covering other formative work involved in developing the intervention, including theoretical approaches, evidence-base review and stakeholder input. The resulting, robustly refined intervention is described, the efficacy of which is being evaluated by a randomised controlled trial

Healthy eating interventions delivered in the family home: a systematic review

Unhealthy eating habits have long term health implications and can begin at a young age when children still consume the majority of their meals at home. As parents are the principal agents of change in children’s eating behaviours, the home environment is the logical location for the delivery of interventions targeting healthy family eating. Despite the recent proliferation of published studies of behaviour-change interventions delivered in the home, there has been little attempt to evaluate what makes such interventions successful. This review provides a systematic evaluation of all healthy eating interventions delivered to families in the home environment to date and seeks to identify the successful elements of these interventions and make recommendations for future work. Thirty nine studies are described, evaluated and synthesised. Results show that evidence- and theory-based interventions tended to be more successful than those that did not report detailed formative or evaluative work although details of theory application were often lacking. Careful analysis of the results did not show any further systematic similarities shared by successful interventions. Recommendations include the need for more clearly theoretically driven interventions, consistent approaches to measuring outcomes and clarity regarding target populations and desired outcomes

Herschel Observations and Updated Spectral Energy Distributions of Five Sunlike Stars with Debris Disks

Observations from the Herschel Space Observatory have more than doubled the number of wide debris disks orbiting Sunlike stars to include over 30 systems with R > 100 AU. Here we present new Herschel PACS and re-analyzed Spitzer MIPS photometry of five Sunlike stars with wide debris disks, from Kuiper belt size to R > 150 AU. The disk surrounding HD 105211 is well resolved, with an angular extent of >14" along the major axis, and the disks of HD 33636, HD 50554, and HD 52265 are extended beyond the PACS PSF size (50% of energy enclosed within radius 4.23"). HD 105211 also has a 24-micron infrared excess that was previously overlooked because of a poorly constrained photospheric model. Archival Spitzer IRS observations indicate that the disks have small grains of minimum radius ~3 microns, though the minimum grain gradius is larger than the radiation pressure blowout size in all systems. If modeled as single-temperature blackbodies, the disk temperatures would all be <60 K. Our radiative transfer models predict actual disk radii approximately twice the radius of model blackbody disks. We find that the Herschel photometry traces dust near the source population of planetesimals. The disk luminosities are in the range 0.00002 <= L/L* <= 0.0002, consistent with collisions in icy planetesimal belts stirred by Pluto-size dwarf planets.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 18 pages, including 10 figures and 3 table

Continuity of care for carers of people with severe mental illness: Results of a longitudinal study

Background: Continuity of care is considered by patients and clinicians an essential feature of good quality care in long-term disorders, yet there is general agreement that it is a complex concept. Most policies emphasise it and encourage systems to promote it. Despite this there is no accepted definition or measure against which to test policies or interventions designed to improve continuity. We aimed to operationalise a multi-axial model of continuity of care and to use factor analysis to determine its validity for severe mental illness. Methods: A multi-axial model of continuity of care comprising eight facets was operationalised for quantitative data collection from mental health service users using 32 variables. Of these variables, 22 were subsequently entered into a factor analysis as independent components, using data from a clinical population considered to require long-term consistent care. Results: Factor analysis produced seven independent continuity factors accounting for 62.5% of the Total variance. These factors, Experience & Relationship, Regularity, Meeting Needs, Consolidation, Managed Transitions, Care Coordination and Supported Living, were close though not identical to the original theoretical model. Conclusions: We confirmed that continuity of care is multi-factorial. Our even factors are intuitively meaningful and appear to work in mental health. These factors should be used as a starting-point in research into the determinants and outcomes of continuity of care in long-term disorders