Reference gene validation for gene expression studies using quantitative RT-PCR during berry development of ‘Aki Queen’ grapes

In order to understand the gene regulation during berry development and examine the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on gene expression related to berry maturation, we evaluated the validity of four housekeeping genes, elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC), and 60S ribosomal protein L40-1 (VvUbiquitin1), as references by using 'Aki Queen' grapes with and without ABA treatment. The main contribution of this study is that a gene expression analysis using GAPDH as a reference gene will help to elucidate the berry development process and the physiological effects of ABA on berry maturation of 'Aki Queen' grapes

Isospin character of low-lying states in 56Fe.

Low-lying states in {sup 56}Fe, up to an excitation energy of about 4 MeV, have been investigated by means of inelastic proton and deuteron scattering experiments at {ital E}{sub {ital p}}=65 and 400 MeV and at {ital E}{sub {ital d}}=56 MeV, respectively. Measured cross sections and analyzing powers have been compared with coupled-channels calculations using collective form factors; calculations in both the Schr{umlt o}dinger and Dirac formalisms have been carried out for the proton data. For each probe, the matrix elements have been deduced for transitions from the ground state and from the 2{sub 1}{sup +} state to six quadrupole (2{sup +}) states to one octupole (3{sub 1}{sup {minus}}) and two hexadecapole (4{sub 1}{sup +} and 4{sub 2}{sup +}) states. The obtained matrix elements and the previous values from {gamma} decay or electron inelastic scattering have been used to evaluate the isospin character of the transitions. To discuss the quadrupole mixed-symmetry states in {sup 56}Fe, the deduced neutron ({ital M}{sub {ital n}}) and proton ({ital M}{sub {ital p}}) components of the matrix elements, or equivalently the isoscalar ({ital M}{sub {ital s}}) and isovector ({ital M}{sub {ital v}}) parts, have been compared with theoretical calculations based on the neutron-proton interacting bosonmore » model and on the shell model evaluated in a full {ital f}-{ital p} configuration space. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« les

QUADRUPOLE MIXED-SYMMETRY STATES IN 56Fe

Nous avons cherché, par diffusion inélastique de [MATH] et [MATH] à 56 et 65 MeV, des états de symétrie mixte quadrupolaire 2+M du 56Fe. Les distributions angulaires de section efficace et pouvoir d'analyse ont été comparées des calculs DWBA macroscopique et microscopique. Nous discutons, tant d'un point de vue théorique qu'expérimentale de la possibilité d'assignation 2+M pour les états 2+2, 2+3 et 2+4 du 56Fe.Quadrupole mixed-symmetry 2+M states in 56Fe have been searched for by means of inelastic deuteron and polarized proton scattering experiments at 56 MeV and 65 MeV. The measured angular distributions of cross sections and analyzing powers were compared with macroscopic and microscopic DWBA calculations. The 2+2, 2+3 and 2+4 states in 56Fe are discussed as the candidates of the 2+M state from experimental and theoretical points of view

Design and Principles of Synchrotrons and Circular Colliders

Lattice design in the context we will describe it here is the design and optimization of the principle elements—the lattice cells—of a circular accelerator, and it includes the dedicated variation of the accelerator elements (as for example position and strength of the magnets in the machine) to obtain well defined and predictable parameters of the stored particle beam. It is therefore closely related to the theory of linear beam optics that has been described in Chap.  2 [1]