Условия формирования зон скопления метана в углепородном массиве

Розглянуті основні геологічні чинники, які впливають на формування зон скупчення метану у вуглепородному масиві. Виділені, найбільш ефективні показники для середнього катагенеза порід – опосередковані локальні структури, зони тріщинуватості порід, стрижневі ділянки пісковиків (палеопотоки). Для виділених показників виконаний розрахунок дисперсійного аналізу по альтернативній ознаці. На основі розрахунків встановлено вплив кожного фактора на формування зон скупчення метану у вуглепродному масиві.Basic geological factors, which influence on forming of zone of accumulation of methane in coalrock massif, are presented. The most effective indexes for middle katagenesis of rock are determinated - medial local structures, zone of jointing of rock, race areas of sandstones (paleocurrent). For determinated indexes calculation of dispersion on an alternative character is executed. On the basis of calculations influence of every factor on forming of zone of accumulation of methane in a coalrock massif is definited

Методы и механизмы геттерирования кремниевых структур в производстве интегральных микросхем

Увеличение степени интеграции элементной базы предъявляет все более жесткие требования к уменьшению концентрации загрязняющих примесей и окислительных дефектов упаковки в исходных кремниевых пластинах с ее сохранением в технологическом цикле изготовления ИМС. Это обуславливает высокую актуальность применения геттерирования в современной технологии микроэлектроники. В статье рассмотрены существующие методы геттерирования кремниевых пластин и механизмы их протекания.Збільшення ступеня інтеграції елементної бази пред'являє все більш жорсткі вимоги до зменшення концентрації забруднюючих домішок та окислювальних дефектів упаковки у вихідних кремнієвих пластинах за її збереження у технологічному циклі виготовлення ІМС. Це обумовлює високу актуальність застосування гетерування в сучасній технології мікроелектроніки. Розглянуто існуючі методи гетерування кремнієвих пластин та розглянуто механізми їх перебігу.Increasing the degree of integration of hardware components imposes more stringent requirements for the reduction of the concentration of contaminants and oxidation stacking faults in the original silicon wafers with its preservation in the IC manufacturing process cycle. This causes high relevance of the application of gettering in modern microelectronic technology. The existing methods of silicon wafers gettering and the mechanisms of their occurrence are considered

Genome-wide association analysis of genetic generalized epilepsies implicates susceptibility loci at 1q43, 2p16.1, 2q22.3 and 17q21.32

Genetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs) have a lifetime prevalence of 0.3% and account for 20-30% of all epilepsies. Despite their high heritability of 80%, the genetic factors predisposing to GGEs remain elusive. To identify susceptibility variants shared across common GGE syndromes, we carried out a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 3020 patients with GGEs and 3954 controls of European ancestry. To dissect out syndrome-related variants, we also explored two distinct GGE subgroups comprising 1434 patients with genetic absence epilepsies (GAEs) and 1134 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Joint Stage-1 and 2 analyses revealed genome-wide significant associations for GGEs at 2p16.1 (rs13026414, Pmeta = 2.5 × 10−9, OR[T] = 0.81) and 17q21.32 (rs72823592, Pmeta = 9.3 × 10−9, OR[A] = 0.77). The search for syndrome-related susceptibility alleles identified significant associations for GAEs at 2q22.3 (rs10496964, Pmeta = 9.1 × 10−9, OR[T] = 0.68) and at 1q43 for JME (rs12059546, Pmeta = 4.1 × 10−8, OR[G] = 1.42). Suggestive evidence for an association with GGEs was found in the region 2q24.3 (rs11890028, Pmeta = 4.0 × 10−6) nearby the SCN1A gene, which is currently the gene with the largest number of known epilepsy-related mutations. The associated regions harbor high-ranking candidate genes: CHRM3 at 1q43, VRK2 at 2p16.1, ZEB2 at 2q22.3, SCN1A at 2q24.3 and PNPO at 17q21.32. Further replication efforts are necessary to elucidate whether these positional candidate genes contribute to the heritability of the common GGE syndrome

The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits in focal seizures: A randomized controlled study

Purpose: Cognitive deficits are one of the major limiting factors in the everyday life functioning of patients with focal seizures. Although cognitive rehabilitation methods have been successfully applied to patients with other central nervous system (CNS) lesions, these methods have not yet been evaluated in cognitively impaired patients with epilepsy. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of two commonly used methods for attention deficits: (a) the Retraining Method, aimed at retraining impaired cognitive functions; and (b) the Compensation Method, aimed at teaching compensatory strategies while taking neuronal loss for granted. Methods: Fifty adult outpatients with focal seizures and attention impairments receiving carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy were randomly assigned to the Retraining Method, the Compensation Method, or to a waiting-list control group. Established and self-reported neuropsychological outcomes and self-reported quality of life of these groups were evaluated at pretraining, posttraining, and at a 6-month follow-up measurement point and were completed by 44 patients. Results: Neuropsychological outcomes related to training, self-reported neuropsychological outcomes, and quality of life at the 6-month follow-up measurement point improved both in the Retraining Method group (n = 19) and the Compensation Method group (n = 17) relative to the waiting-list control group (n = 8). The Compensation Method was more effective in improving self-reported neuropsychological outcomes and quality of life, especially for patients with less education. The patients with active epilepsy benefited more from both methods than did the seizure-free patients. Conclusions: These data show that cognitive rehabilitation programs are effective for patients with focal seizures and attention deficits and should, therefore, be incorporated into comprehensive care programs