Mechanisms of constitutional control: a preliminary observation of the Ethiopian system

The present mechanism of constitutional adjudication in Ethiopia demonstrates unique features. The mechanism does not belong to any of the constitutional adjudication models operating in other countries. However, a well-developed system of constitutional adjudication is lacking in actual practice. The federal and regional state organs that exercise the power of constitutional control, i.e. the Council of Constitutional Inquiry and the House of Federation at the federal level and the Constitutional Interpretation Commissions, Council of Nationalities and Councils of Constitutional Inquiry at the regional level, are not functioning fully and, moreover, are not moving at equal pace. In some regional states, the institutions competent for constitutional control, though mentioned in the regional constitutions, are not even established yet. In other regions, these institutions have been established, but are not operating in practice. Besides, a challenge of judicial overlap is likely to emerge when the regional organs start to execute their task of constitutional control. Since no mechanism is devised to delimit the respective competences of the federal and state organs, overlap between federal and state institutions is inevitable. Furthermore, there is no clear guidance with regards to the role of the judiciary on matters that involve determination of constitutionality

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factor of Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites of Small Ruminant in Humbo District, Southern Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of small ruminants gastrointestinal nematode parasites in Humbo town and surrounding districts , southern Ethiopia from November 2017 to April 2018 Gregorian calendar. Fecal samples were collected from 384 randomly selected animals (204 sheep and 180 goats) and examined for the presence of nematode eggs using 10x microscope. Identification of nematode parasites was done based on egg types (flotation technique) and morphology of parasite after larva culture (Baermann technique). Out of 384 study animals, 184 (47.92%) were found positive for nematode eggs of which, 105(51.47%) sheep and 79 (43.89%) goats harbored one or more gastrointestinal nematodes. Species, sex, age, body conditions and origin of the animals were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of nematode infections in small ruminants. But, statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes were observed only in different age and body condition groups of study animals. But, the prevalence of the parasites were not varies between different origin, species and sex groups of animals (p>0.05). Coproscopic examination of eggs revealed that different types of nematode eggs were isolated from 184 small ruminates of which, Strongyle types (160), Strongyloide (20) and Trichuris (4). The most common genera of nematodes were Haemonchus (48) and Trychostrongylus (36) as single infection, whereas, in mixed infection, trychostrongylus and Bunostomum, and Trychostrongylus/Haemonchus genera were most common parasites. In conclusion, high prevalence of nematode parasites was observed in the study area, which implies nematode parasites are the major constraints which decrease the production and growth rate of sheep and goats. Therefore, strategic de-worming of small ruminant and checking drug resistance patterns of gastrointestinal nematodes should be implemented to overcome the adverse effect of the disease. Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematodes; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Small ruminants; Species DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/13-1-02 Publication date: January 31st 202

Women’s Participation in Cooperatives: The Case of Gedeb Hassasa Farmer’s Multipurpose Cooperative Society in Arsi Zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia

Women’s participation can be viewed as the active involvement of women in all spheres of affairs. Rural women could play a significant role in agricultural production. Despite women’s contribution to their livelihoods, food production and national economies is immense, it has not been translated into better access to resources or decision making powers. Their participation in management board, decision making and other cooperative affairs is generally low. Therefore, identifying firstly their level of participation in cooperatives, secondly the factors that affect their participation in cooperatives and thirdly the benefit they could get from the cooperatives were characterized as the specific objectives of Gedeb Hassasa Farmers Multipurpose cooperative society. A multistage sampling method was adopted to select 101 women respondents from five cooperative societies. FGDs conducted with cooperative members of both sexes. From the study result, women’s participation in the general assembly and in the decision making process at all levels is very low, whereas, the participation of women in other traditional social institutions was high. The findings of the descriptive results shows that work load in the household rank first in order of rank: however, the FGDs reveals participation in the informal institutions is the major problem affecting women’s participation in cooperatives. The finding of the descriptive results shows that the majority of women respondents did not know the by-laws, rights, duties and obligations, and cooperative values and principles. With respect to access to training only 24.5 % of women respondents were trained. The descriptive result also reveals the economic and social benefit of cooperatives to women. From the results one can observe that there has been a somewhat improvement in qualities of life such as in improved access to food, schools, health care, housing and clothing. In a similar ways the findings of the study also shows that the source of credit after joining the cooperative society has been increasing compare to that before participating in cooperative

Lonely Lockdown. Life for siblings of disabled children in the UK

In May 2020, Sibs conducted a survey of parents in order to better understand how the needs of siblings of disabled children were affected by lockdown. The first survey results made difficult reading: 75% of parents felt their sibling child’s mental health had worsened in lockdown; 50% of siblings were providing more care; a third were missing family and friends. Ten months on and in lockdown 3, we wanted to explore if and how things had changed for siblings of disabled children. Sibs Charity, in collaboration with University College London (UCL) researcher Dr Georgia Pavlopoulou launched a survey in February 2021 for 4 weeks to hear from parents about family experiences with a focus on siblings' day-to-day experiences and mental health needs. We also wanted to understand the nature of any school support, how the relationships between siblings and their brothers and sisters had been affected and what some of the greatest challenges were for children and young people. We hope the results of this survey will help to highlight the impact which lockdown has had on the majority of siblings and go on to inform a recovery response. Our findings suggest that the pandemic has had both an immediate and lasting effect on the mental health of many siblings who will need access to appropriate support from CAMHS services and schools in the months and years to come as part of a recovery plan

Corporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation

There is an increasing interest of research on the area of corporate entrepreneurship recently. But much focus is given to specific areas. like the definitional  issues  in  the  field  of  corporate  entrepreneurship (Sharma  P,  Chrisman  JJ  1999) ,developing and refining an instrument (Kuratko et al,1990; Hornsby et al,2002;Morris et al 2001; Tasika. M.Davis 2006;  Adonisi 2003),linking corporate entrepreneurship to strategy, structure, and process(Lumpkin and Dess 1999) the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management (Barringer and Bluedorn,1999). An investigation of the internal organizational entrepreneurial climate and its relationship with innovativeness is generally scarce. Thus, by developing a model which relates corporate entrepreneurial variables with innovation, this study investigates the functional relationship between the two. Furthermore, the study tries to analyse the prevalence of corporate entrepreneurship and the level of innovation in Ethiopian leather footwear industry. Using analytical survey design in a cross sectional time, 6 leather footwear companies were selected judgmentally from Addis Ababa. The descriptive analysis showed that all the corporate entrepreneurial variables are below average on a five point likert scale measure. The level of innovation is also rated as average on a similar scale. Results of correlation matrix also indicated a positive association between the corporate entrepreneurial variables and innovation. furthermore, Regression analysis showed that reward system as well as time availability contributed the highest for innovation than the rest of the variables and evaluation of the regression model indicated around 48 %  of the variance in innovation can be explained by the model and that the model was statistically significant. The findings in this study are so important for managers and other policy makers to find out how organizational and managerial variables could be modified in order to facilitate innovation. It is recommended that other studies should try to replicate these findings on different contexts. Key Words: Competitiveness, Corporate Entrepreneurship, Ethiopia, Innovation, leather

Aquifers Characterization and Productivity in Ellala Catchment, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

This paper assesses the aquifer characteristics and productivity nature of different rocks and sediments using geological and hydrogeological methods in Ellala catchment (296.5km2) in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. The catchment consists of limestone (29.91%), intercalation of limestone-shale-marl (27.90%), dolerite dykes and sills (21.85%) and recent sediments (20.33%). Compared to rocks, the sediment due to lack of both extensive areal coverage and thickness, its water-bearing capability is almost negligible. Aquifers developed in the different rocks are mainly due to secondary processes such as weathering, fracturing and karstification. The degree of variations in the groundwater productivity is mainly linked with the variations in the effect of these processes in the respective rock. Hydrodynamic analyses of the aquifers reveal that in the limestone aquifer hydraulic conductivity is ranging from 0.046 to 4.65 m/day with a mean value of 1.44 m/day and transmissivity is ranging from 2.38 to 93.02 m2/day with a mean value of 32.58 m2/day; in the intercalated limestone-shale-marl aquifer hydraulic conductivity is ranging from 0.87 to 70.13 m/day with a mean value of 10.11 m/day and transmissivity is ranging from 17.88 to 645.7 m2/day with a mean value of 163.41 m2/day; and in the dolerite aquifer hydraulic conductivity is ranging from 1.67 to 108.86 m/day with a mean value of 59.32 m/day and transmissivity is ranging from 57.63 to 307 m2/day with a mean value of 142.71 m2/day. Based on these determined transmissivity values of different aquifers and geomorphological setup of the catchment, the potentiality degree of the aquifers of the catchment range from moderate to negligible. The negligible potentiality aquifer is found covering steep slopes and topographically high areas, whereas aquifers that have moderate to weak degree of potentiality are found occupying flat to rugged topography of the catchment.Keywords: Groundwater, Aquifer, Ellala catchment, Hydraulic conductivity, Transmissivity, Ethiopia