Dinitrogen fixation and residue nitrogen of different managed legumes and nitrogen uptake of subsequent winter wheat [N2-Fixierung und residualer Stickstoff verschiedener Futterleguminosen sowie N-Aufnahme der Folgefrucht Winterweizen.]

Fixed nitrogen accumulated by legumes is the main nitrogen source for organic farming systems. Knowledge about the amount of fixed nitrogen, its pathways into forage yield, crop residues, soil-N and yield formation of the following crop is needed for designing crop rotations. Two field experiments were conducted in Northern Germany with differently managed (cut, mulched) legumes (red clover, alfalfa, white clover) in pure stands and various mixtures with two companion grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne) have been grown to determine N2-fixation, residue nitrogen and N-uptake of subsequent crops. Cropped grass/legume reached higher N2-fixation than mulched. While green manure grass/legume left up to 280 kg ha-1 of N in mulch, stubble and roots on the field, most cropped grass/legume mixtures left less than 110 kg N ha-1 in crop residues. Pure legume swards or legume rich mixtures showed higher N2-fixation than grass rich mixtures. N-uptake in late autumn and at maturity of the subsequent wheat was strongly correlated to the legume content in DM-yield

Yield, forage quality, residue nitrogen and nitrogen fixation of different forage legumes

Fixed nitrogen accumulated by legumes is the main nitrogen source for organic farming systems. Knowledge about the amount of fixed nitrogen, its pathways into forage yield, crop residues, soil-N and yield formation of the following crop is needed for designing crop rotations. In a field experiment conducted in Northern Germany differently managed (cut, mulched) legumes (red clover, alfalfa, white clover) in pure stands and in mixture with a companion grass (Lolium perenne) have been grown to determine Yield, forage-quality, N2-fixation and residue nitrogen. Cropped grass/legume reached higher N2-fixation than mulched. While green manure grass/legume left up to 296 kg ha-1 of N in mulch, stubble and roots on the field, most cropped grass/legume mixtures left less than 120 kg N ha-1 in crop residues. Cropped swards showed higher N2-fixation than the mulched mixtures. Swards with red clover or alfalfa reached higher legume contents and harvestable biomass than swards with white clover. Conclusions The results show that biomass production, forage yields, residue nitrogen and N fixation of grass/legume mixtures can be influenced by various combinations of legume species and management. The factors listed have to be considered carefully when planning crop rotations

Methodological aspects of determining nitrogen fixation of different forage legumes

Knowledge about the amount of fixed nitrogen of different legume crops is very important for calculation of farm N balances. According to literature the choice of determination method may have an impact on the estimated amount of N fixed by a legume sward. The aim of the study was to compare the three most important field methods for determination of nitrogen fixation under different sward management systems. In the present study the natural 15N abundance method gave lower fixation rates than the two alternative methods (total-N-difference method and 15N enrichment technique). The determination of N fixation based only on N in harvestable plant material underestimated the amount of fixed N on average by 70 kg ha-1 compared to techniques including also the amount of N in non harvestable plant part

Taxation, Trust, and Government Debt: State-Elite Relations in Sichuan, 1850–1911

This article explores the shifting relationship between the state and the rural elites in Sichuan during the last decades of the Qing dynasty through the lens of taxation and public debt by using a creditor-debtor model as a theoretical framework. Sichuan’s unique rewarded land tax surcharge, called the “Contribution” and levied since 1864, established a relationship of symbolic and economic indebtedness of the imperial and local state to the taxpayer. Western-inspired reforms after 1898 directly attacked the symbolic and economic bonds established by the Contribution. The Railway Rent Share tax shifted the creditor-debtor relationship from the state to the public Sichuan-Hankou Railway Company by making individual taxpayers into shareholders. When Beijing eventually banned what it saw as a privatization of taxation and decided to nationalize the railway company, this ignited the Railway Protection Movement, which precipitated the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan

INFORMATION NEEDS AND SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF FARMERS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

Information is an important factor in agricultural development. The study investigated farmers’ agricultural information needs and seeking behavior in the Southern Regional State of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional research design was employed and the study population included all household heads of the eight sampled villages in four administrative zones. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to obtain a sample of 320 farmers. Quantitative data were collected and research adopted descriptive statistics. The results revealed information on crop production technologies; information about diseases, pests and weather forecasts, and market information were identified as the top three most important types of agricultural information. Similarly, crop production technologies; animal husbandry technologies, and information about agricultural inputs were the information farmers seek frequently. Farmers use development agents as the first source of agricultural information. All of the respondents communicate with development agents face-to-face

ICT and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Education

After the novel coronavirus outbreak, many countries closed universities.  This situation urges to implement online delivery as an alternative method. This study aimed assessing the access to and use of ICT by students, the ICT competencies possessed by the students, and assesses the current level of students’ readiness for online education methods. Sample of 106 undergraduate students were selected. Semi-structured survey questionnaire was used for data collection. The findings revealed that most of the students have very limited access to and use of different types of ICTs. Mobile phones are the most popular ICT tool used by students. Poor ICT using competencies is another problem observed. ICT experts in the field of online education need to plan smartphone-based technologies, and it is recommended to offer zero-rated access to specific educational websites, and offer free or discounted mobile Internet packages to all students who need it to switch to online classes. Keywords: Online education; Coronavirus; Students; University; Mobile phones; ICT DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/10-4-04 Publication date:September 30th 202

Methods of Teaching Language to Deaf Children

Language has been defined as the means by which experience is symbolized and communicated. In the field of Deaf Education, language has often been recognized as the most vital element in a deaf child\u27s training. The child is taught lipreading and speech, both of which are important in his education. However, in order to understand ideas on the lips through lipreading, and communicate orally through speech, he must first have language. The child learns to receive knowledge through language, and then he begins to express this knowledge again through language. Language then, opens the door to all learning

SOME PARAMETERS OF MULTI-LOOP BIOFEEDBACK CONTROL OF POSTURE

In the present study the displacements of centre of pressure as well as the vertical projection of centre of mass, the time functions on anteroposterior and mediolateral directions and Fourier spectra have been recorded in traditional and/or sharpened Romberg position, with open and closed eyes. Special track tasks with voluntary moving of centre of pressure have been solved by the subjects with audiovisual feedback. Many researchers have investigated the displacements of centre-of-pressure /Diener 1984, Peein 1989, Boloban 1990, Laputin et al 19901. Posture characteristics and evoked brain potentials have been recorded to investigate afferent and efferent functions /Ackermann et a1 1986, 19901. New mathematical techniques from statistical mechanics are developed to the analysis of stabilograms /Collins and De Luca 19931 The maintenance of equilibrium to most sport movements. b!, the control of the body segments, the motor behaviour, the posture dynanlics and stability. suggests to investigate special parameters and levels of balance on sportsmen before and after exercise. In our experiments 28 subjects. from different sport kinds. as \\-ell as secondary students /age: 12 - 22 years/ were tested. The equipment we used to investigate the equilibrium in the traditional and sharpened Romberg situations included "Adam" type force platform. ADDON micro-computer. connected via RS 232 interfacing to personal computer. Excerpts of results /engineer candidates/: Romberg test: radius of characterising circle I68 %/ rl = 4 mm (open eyes). r2 = 5.3 mm (closed eyes). Sharpened Romberg test: r3 = 6,3 mm (open). r4 = 71 mm (closed). Dominant frequencies in the Fourier spectra (individual): mediolateral 1x1: 0.05 - 0.1 & 0.6 - 0.7 Hz. as \\ell as anteroposterior ,'Y!: 0,3 - 0.4 & 1 - 1.6 HZ