A review on multiscale computational studies for enhanced oil recovery using nanoparticles

Oil reservoirs around the globe are at their declining phase and in spite of enormous effectiveness of Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR) in the Tertiary Stage. This process still bypasses some oil reason being surface forces responsible for holding oil inside the rock surface which are not being altered by the application of existing technologies. The processes coming under Tertiary Section Supplements primary and secondary sections. However, the mechanism of operating is different in both. Nanoparticles are showing a significant role in EOR techniques and is a promising approach to increase crude oil extraction. This is due to the fact that size of nanoparticles used for EOR lies in the range of 1-100 nm. It is also an interesting fact that in different operational conditions and parameters, the performance of nanoparticles also vary and some are more effective than others, which leads to various levels of recovery in the EOR process. In the present study, we intend to summarize a report having an up to date status on nanotechnology assisted EOR mechanisms where nanoparticles are used as nano-catalysts, nano-emulsions and nanoparticles assisted EOR mechanisms to destabilize the oil layer on carbonate surface. This review also highlights the various mechanisms such Gibb's free energy, wettability alteration, and Interfacial Tension Reduction (ITR) including interaction of available nanoparticles with reservoirs. Experimental measurements for a wide range of nanoparticles are not only expensive but are challenging because of the relatively small size, especially for the measurements of thinner capillaries of a nanoscale diameter. Therefore, we considered computational simulations as a more adequate approach to gain more microscopic insights into the oil displacement process to classify the suitability of nanomaterials

Computational Fluid Dynamics as an Emerging Supporting Clinical Tool: Review on Human Airways

Objectives: The main objective of this review article is to evaluate the usability of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a supporting clinical tool for respiratory system. Data Source: The English articles referred for this review paper were identified from various International peer reviewed journals indexed in Science citation index. Study Selection: 26 high quality articles most relevant to the highlighted topic which were published in last fifteen years were selected from almost 120 articles. Results: The analysis done and the outcome obtained by this computational method is as accurate as Spirometry and Pulmonary function test (PFT) result. CFD can be very useful in the cases where patents is unable to perform PFT. Pressure drop, Velocity profile, Wall shear stress & other flow parameter, respiratory resistance, Pattern of drug deposition, Particles transport/deposition, etc. had also been predicted accurately using CFD. The effect of tracheal stenosis on the flow parameters has been predicted. The size and location of tracheal stenosis has also been correlated with breathing difficulties. The distribution of air in various lobes of the lungs can be accurately predicted with CFD tool. Conclusion: Virtual surgery is eventually possible by using CFD after further research with validation. With the help of this multi - disciplinary and efficient tool we can obtain accurate result while reducing cost and time