Steering the Cultural Dynamics

A peer-revieved book based on presentations at the XX Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2010, Melbourne, Australia. Edited by Yoshihisa Kashima, Emiko Kashima, and Ruth Beatson. (c) 2013, International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychologyhttps://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_proceedings/1002/thumbnail.jp

Китаб Ибрагима Хосеневича из коллекции Национальной библиотеки Республики Беларусь как исторический источник : реферат к дипломной работе / Инна Чеславовна Кевра; БГУ, Исторический факультет, Кафедра источниковедения; науч. рук. Белявский А.М.

The construct of individualism–collectivism (IND-COL) has become the definitive standard in cross-cultural psychology, management, and related fields. It is also among the most controversial, in particular, with regard to the ambiguity of its dimensionality: Some view IND and COL as the opposites of a single continuum, whereas others argue that the two are independent constructs. We explored the issue through seven different tests using original individual-level data from 50 studies and meta-analytic data from 149 empirical publications yielding a total of 295 sample-level observations that were collected using six established instruments for assessing IND and COL as separate constructs. Results indicated that the dimensionality of IND-COL may depend on (a) the specific instrument used to collect the data, (b) the sample characteristics and the cultural region from which the data were collected, and (c) the level of analysis. We also review inconsistencies, deficiencies, and challenges of conceptualizing IND-COL and provide guidelines for developing and selecting instruments for measuring the construct, and for reporting and meta-analyzing results from this line of research

Individualism, GNP, climate, and pronoun drop : is individualism determined by affluence and climate, or does language play a role?

Affluence and climate are related to individualism, suggesting the importance of the material environment on culture. However, the symbolic environment, as represented by language, may also play a significant role. The effects of gross national product (GNP) per capita, latitude, and pronoun drop (whether the subject of a sentence can be dropped) as variables that tap the material and symbolic environments on Hofstede’s individualism were examined. GNP per capita and latitude had overall positive effects on individualism, but this was moderated by pronoun drop. The effect of economic affluence on culture was greater, but the effect of climate smaller, in the countries whose language does not permit pronoun drop than in those countries where pronouns can be dropped in utterances. A moderating effect of symbolic factors on the material environnment-culture relationship was discussed

Individualism, GNP, climate, and pronoun drop : is individualism determined by affluence and climate, or does language play a role?

Affluence and climate are related to individualism, suggesting the importance of the material environment on culture. However, the symbolic environment, as represented by language, may also play a significant role. The effects of gross national product (GNP) per capita, latitude, and pronoun drop (whether the subject of a sentence can be dropped) as variables that tap the material and symbolic environments on Hofstede’s individualism were examined. GNP per capita and latitude had overall positive effects on individualism, but this was moderated by pronoun drop. The effect of economic affluence on culture was greater, but the effect of climate smaller, in the countries whose language does not permit pronoun drop than in those countries where pronouns can be dropped in utterances. A moderating effect of symbolic factors on the material environnment-culture relationship was discussed

Parallel distributed processing, distributed cognition, and a cognitive science of culture

Abstract not available

Culture, language, and the self : personal-pronoun use and cultural conception of the self

Culture was said to provide self-concepts (Triandis, 1972), a stable tendency in sampling different types of the self (Triandis, 1989), and a particular cognitive structure to reflect those experiences (Trafimow, Triandis, & Goto, 1991). Building on this research we considered that a cultural conception of the self be maintained through practices of the self in everyday interactions, and examined this idea by focusing on language use, and tendency to drop self and other referencing in particular. Our conversational data and analysis of pronoun use and values across 39 language-cultures provided converging evidence: pronoun drop was associated with more ambiguous self-other distinction, and with collectivism. How the self-practice of pronoun drop may develop and maintain a particular self-conception then? We approached this question by adopting a PDP approach. Our simulation supported that a network that learns sentence-like word sequence with pronoun drops developed relatively diffused representations of "self" and "other"; learning material with no pronoun drop led tighter clustering of "self" and "other" separately. The simulation thus supported pronoun drop to have implications for development of different self-conceptions. We took a step further to incorporate the idea that cultural self-conception is maintained collectively through interactions. Three interconnected networks simulating three social agents were trained with materials approximating different cultural patterns ("I-" vs. "We"-sentence prevalence). Supporting that self-conceptions are maintained collectively, cultural biases emerged from the network outputs. We advocate that future research on culture and self should explore seriously cognitive models that embody individual and collective practices

Group impressions as dynamic configurations: the tensor product model of group impression formation and change

Group impressions are dynamic configurations. The tensor product model (TPM), a connectionist model of memory and learning, is used to describe the process of group impression formation and change, emphasizing the structured and contextualized nature of group impressions and the dynamic evolution of group impressions over time. TPM is first shown to be consistent with algebraic models of social judgment (the weighted averaging model; N. Anderson, 1981) and exemplar-based social category learning (the context model; E. R. Smith & M. A. Zarate, 1992), providing a theoretical reduction of the algebraic models to the present connectionist framework. TPM is then shown to describe a common process that underlies both formation and change of group impressions despite the often-made assumption that they constitute different psychological processes. In particular, various time-dependent properties of both group impression formation (e.g., time variability, response dependency, and order effects in impression judgments) and change (e.g., stereotype change and group accentuation) are explained, demonstrating a hidden unity beneath the diverse array of empirical findings. Implications of the model for conceptualizing stereotype formation and change are discussed

Towards cultural dynamics of self-conceptions

Not available