How Female Education Reduces Fertility: Models and Needed Research

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Metabolic status related to claw disorders

Received: 2016-07-25 | Accepted: 2016-08-02 | Available online: 2017-03-31http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.01.06-09The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between metabolic status and claw disorders. 122 Holstein cows from 2 farms in west Slovakia between years 2012 and 2016 were observed. Total 226 test-day records of milk yield of cows between 8 to 150 days in milk (DIM) were analysed. Maximum 2 test-day records before functional claw trimming were observed. The influence of F/P ratio to claw disorders (IDHE, DD, SU) was analysed with PROC GLM of SAS. The model included the fixed effect of breed, year of calving, calving season, number of lactation and the random effects of days in milk and F/P ratio. During the functional claw trimming was found that 27 cows were affected by IDHE, 9 cows by DD and 27 cows by SU. Observed cows in average produced 39.48 ±9.53 kg of milk. The mean of F/P ratio was 1.17 ±0.22 and the mean of days in milk was 78 ±38.42. The models described the occurrence of claw disorders from 13.20 % in case of DD to 18.85 % by IDHE. The prevalence of SU was described by model on 17.34 %. The effect of F/P ratio increased significantly (P > 0.05) the occurrence of SU by 30.33 %.Keywords: Holstein, cow, test-day yield, fat/protein ratio, claw disorderReferences NOCEK, J.E. (1997) Bovine Acidosis: Implications on Laminitis. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 80, pp. 1005-1028. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76026-0RABOISSON, D., MOUNIÉ, M. and MAIGNÉ, E. (2014) Diseases, reproductive performance, and changes in milk production associated with subclinical ketosis in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and review. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 97, pp. 7547-7563. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8237DUFFIELD, T.F. et al. (2009) Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 92, pp.571-580. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1507BUTTCHEREIT, N. et al. (2012) Genetic parameters for energy balance, fat/protein ratio, body condition score and disease traits in German Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol. 129, pp. 280-288. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2011.00976.xHARDER, B. et al. (2006) Genetic parameters for health traits and their relationship to different persistency traits in German Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 89, pp. 3202-3212. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72595-4MANSKE, T., HULTGREN, J. and BERGSTEN, C. (2002) The effect of claw trimming on the hoof health of Swedish dairy cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, vol. 54, pp. 113-129. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(02)00020-xSCHÖPKE, K. et al. (2013) Relationships between bovine hoof disorders, body condition traits, and test-day yields. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 96, pp. 679-689. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5728VERMUNT, J.J. and GREENOUGH, P.R. (1995) Structural characteristics of the bovine claw: Horn growth and wear. horn hardness and claw conformation. British veterinary journal, vol. 151, pp. 157-180. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(95)80007-7BERGE, A.C. and VERTENTEN, G. (2014) A field study to determine the prevalence, dairy herd management systems, and fresh cow clinical conditions associated with ketosis in western European dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 97, pp. 2145-2154. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7163ZINK, V. et al. (2014) Analyses of genetic relationships between linear type traits, fat-to-protein ratio, milk production traits, and somatic cell count in first-parity Czech Holstein cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science, vol 12, pp. 539-547.BUTTCHEREIT, N. et al. (2010) Evaluation of five lactation curve models fitted for fat:protein ratio of milk and daily energy balance. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 93, pp. 1710-1712. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2198HEUER, C., SCHUKKEN, Y.H. and DOBBELAAR, P. (1999) Postpartum body condition score and results from the first test day milk as predictors of disease, fertility, yield, and culling in commercial dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 82, pp. 295-304. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75236-7GAO, X. and OBA, M. (2014). Relationship of severity of subacute ruminal acidosis to rumen fermentation, chewing activities, sorting behaviour, and milk production in lactating dairy cows fed a high-grain diet. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 97, pp. 3006-3016. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7472COLLARD, B.L. et al. (2000) Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 83, pp. 2683-2690. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75162-9BICALHO, R.C. and OIKONOMOUS, G. (2013) Control and prevention of lameness associated with claw lesions in dairy cows. Livestock Science, vol. 156, pp. 96-105. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.007COOK, N.B., NORDLUND, K.V. and OETZEL, G.R. (2004) Environmental influences on claw horn lesions associated with laminitis and subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 87, pp. E36-E46. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)70059-4VERMUNT, J.J. (1992) “Subclinical” laminitis in dairy cattle. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, vol. 40, pp. 133-138. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1992.3571

A study in the construction of a precision arithmetic programming system using list processing techniques

This report describes the construction and implementation of the Precision Arithmetic Programming System designed for use on the GE - 225 Data Processing System. The system was written as a collection of subroutines in the LEWIZ programming language. Various list processing techniques were applied in the structuring of the data for the system to provide efficient and dynamic memory allocation. The Precision Arithmetic Programming System provides the ability to perform ordinary arithmetic operations on integer data of any order of magnitude without any loss of precision in the final result

Effect of feeding of different sources of NPN on production performance of dairy cows.

Received: 2016-04-11 | Accepted: 2016-05-04 | Available online: 2016-12-22http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.163-166The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of feeding of different sources of NPN on nutrient utilization and production performance of dairy cows under field conditions. Balancing diets for crude protein without consideration of protein quality or rumen degradability often led to overfeeding of nitrogen and less than optimum production. High yielding dairy cows separated in two groups with 85 resp. 80 cows in each were set up for the trial. Groups were consistent according the stage of production and reproduction cycle as well as age structure. Both groups were fed concentrate mixture with the same composition with only difference in NPN/ microbial protein source, with same dosage of 100 g per cow and day. Field trial was performed for period of 3 subsequent months. Performance data were collected in accordance with official milk recording. In both groups majority of cows were on first lactation. Significant differences in daily milk production were observed 2.87 kg (P<0.01) for group 2, in fat content 0.07 % for group 2 non-significant, whereas in protein content 0.18% for group 1 significant (P<0.01) in case of first lactations. If considering  first tree lactations, group 2 produced 1.7 kg milk per day more (P<0.08), with 0.05% fat more and 0.002 % protein less than group 1. The space created in dry matter intake by a concentrated slow-release NPN can be filled with high quality forage that could reduce the cost of feeding while maintaining levels of production. Keywords: Holstein, slow-release urea, microbial protein, milk yieldReferences Bíro, D., Gálik, B., Juráček, M. et al. (2009) Effect of Biological and Biochemical Silage Additives on Final Nutritive, Hygienic and Fermentation Characteristics of Ensiled High Moisture Crimped Corn. Acta Veterinaria Brno, vol. 78 (4), pp. 691-698 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978040691Bouška J. et al. (2006) Chov dojeného skotu, Profi Press, Praha, 2006Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., Peyraud, J. L., Lemosquet, S. et al. (2014) Dietary carbohydrate composition modifies the milk N efficiency in late lactation cows fed low crude protein diets. Animal, vol. 8 (2), pp. 275-285 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113002012Cappellozza, B. I., Bohnert, D. W., Schauer, C. S. et al.  (2013) Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or soybean meal to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forage: II. Effects on ruminal fermentation Livestock Science, vol. 155 (2-3), pp. 214-222 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.002De Boever, J. L., Blok, M. C., Millet, S. et al. (2014) The energy and protein value of wheat, maize and blend DDGS for cattle and evaluation of prediction methods. Animal, vol. 8(11), pp 1839–1850  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001815Harrison, G. A. and Karnezos T. P. (2005) Can we improve efficiency of nitrogen utilization in the lactating cow? Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, vol. 15, 2005, 001-011pp.Hazuchová E. and Kasarda R. (2010) Evaluation of body condition score of lactating cows. 61st EAAP Annual Meeting, Heraklion. 2010. Book of Abstracts. 34, 26,p. 375Holder  Vaughn B., El-Kadi, Samer W., Tricarico, Juan M. et al. (2013) The effects of crude protein concentration and slow release urea on nitrogen metabolism in Holstein steers. Archives of Animal Nutrition, vol. 67 (2), pp. 93-100 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2013.773647Kudrna V. and Homolka P. (2009) Vliv diety, zejména obsahu dusíkatých látek, na množství a kvalitu mléčné bílkoviny a zdraví dojnic, Výskumný ústav živočišné výroby, Praha – Uhříněves, 2009McGuire D. L., Bohnert, D. W., Schauer, C. S. et al. (2013) Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or soybean meal to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forage: I-Effects on efficiency of nitrogen use and nutrient digestion  Livestock Science, vol. 155, (2-3), pp. 205-213 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.015Šimko, M., Čerešňáková, Z. Bíro, D. et al. (2010) Influence of Wheat and Maize Starch on fermentation in the Rumen, Duodenal Nutrient Flow and Nutrient Digestibility. ActaVeterinaria Brno, vol. 79 (4), pp. 533-541 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079040533Zeman, L. et al.(2006)  Výživa a krmení hospodářských zvířat., Profi Press, Praha, 2006

Variation in Linkage Disequilibrium Patterns between Populations of Different Production Types

The aim of this study was to quantify the variation in linkage disequilibrium patterns between populations of Slovak Pinzgau, Austrian Pinzgau, Simmental, Charolais and Holstein. These comparisons included differences between the genetically close populations as well as between dairy and beef breed types. Total number of genes in regions with top 0.01 and 0.1 percentile was 202. The most significant SNPs for production, reproduction and functional traits were positioned in the chromosome 7, 9, 11, 14, 20 and 24 (H2AFY, MAP3K, FAM110B, UBXN2B, CYP7A1, SDCBP, NSMAF, PRKAA1, PTGER4, MIR2361, CDH18 and C9). Genome scans confirmed the presence of selective sweeps in the genomic regions that harbour candidate genes that are known to affect productive traits in cattle such as CAST, COQ3, GJA1, ACYP2, SPTBN1, EML6, RTN4, MAP3K7, PLAG1, CHCHD7, PENK, PRLR, GHR, C6, C7, LIFR, MOCOS, GALNT1, COLEC12, CETN1, TYMS, YES1, NDC80, LPIN2, MYOM1, MYL12A, MYL12B and DLGAP1. Although phenotypic diversity is not sufficiently large to be detected, investigating the polymorphisms presented in the regions of the genome that are involved in breeding traits can be very useful in terms of genetic improvement

Casein Polymorphism in Relation to the Milk Production Traits of Slovak Spotted Cattle

The aim of this study was to identify polymorphisms in the bovine genes encoding CSN1A1 and CSN3 caseins and analyse the structure of population of Slovak Spotted cattle. Subsequent analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of both polymorphisms on long-life milk production traits. The genomic DNA was extracted from totally 180 blood samples. All of analysed animals were genotyped by using the PCR-RFLP method. In population the prevalence of homozygote animals was found. For CSN1A1 gene the BB genotype was noted as predominant. In terms of CSN3 gene the genotype frequencies was more balanced. The most frequent genotype were AA. The population genetic indices signalised the decrease of genetic variability in population mainly for CSN1A1 gene. Except FIS index, each of parameter reflected the high proportion of BB homozygous individuals in population. The values of observed and expected heterozygosity for CSN3 gene indicated similarly the prevalence of homozygote individuals in population, but the decrease of heterozygosity was not so high. The effect of polymorphisms on production traits was tested based on the GLM procedure. In case of both SNPs we were able to describe the variability of analysed traits on 95%. The study results clearly indicated the positive effects of CSN1A1BB and CSN3AA genotypes in order to improve the milk production traits in Slovak Spotted cattle. In addition, the statistical analysis confirmed the key role of casein in milk production and its composition

Variation in Linkage Disequilibrium Patterns between Populations of Different Production Types

The aim of this study was to quantify the variation in linkage disequilibrium patterns between populations of Slovak Pinzgau, Austrian Pinzgau, Simmental, Charolais and Holstein. These comparisons included differences between the genetically close populations as well as between dairy and beef breed types. Total number of genes in regions with top 0.01 and 0.1 percentile was 202. The most significant SNPs for production, reproduction and functional traits were positioned in the chromosome 7, 9, 11, 14, 20 and 24 (H2AFY, MAP3K, FAM110B, UBXN2B, CYP7A1, SDCBP, NSMAF, PRKAA1, PTGER4, MIR2361, CDH18 and C9). Genome scans confirmed the presence of selective sweeps in the genomic regions that harbour candidate genes that are known to affect productive traits in cattle such as CAST, COQ3, GJA1, ACYP2, SPTBN1, EML6, RTN4, MAP3K7, PLAG1, CHCHD7, PENK, PRLR, GHR, C6, C7, LIFR, MOCOS, GALNT1, COLEC12, CETN1, TYMS, YES1, NDC80, LPIN2, MYOM1, MYL12A, MYL12B and DLGAP1. Although phenotypic diversity is not sufficiently large to be detected, investigating the polymorphisms presented in the regions of the genome that are involved in breeding traits can be very useful in terms of genetic improvement