EFFECT OF MISHREYA ARKA (HYDRO DISTILLATE OF DILL) ON RAT ILEUM, AGAINST ACETYL CHOLINE INDUCED CONTRACTIONS

Isolated tissue bath study is a classical and best way to evaluate the effect of any medication on smooth muscles. It allows the tissue to function as a system, it is close to how drug would act in body as whole. Mishreya (Anethum sowa Kurz) or dill is an important herb used as home remedy for common abdominal problems and described in Ayurveda as well as in other systems of medicines also like Unani and modern medicine. Mishreya Arka or hydro-distillate of dill is indicated in indigestion, stomach ache, uterine pain etc. To evaluate the effect of Mishreya Arka on smooth muscles of intestine, the present study has been planned. Mishreya Arka was prepared by following the Ayurvedic formulary of India. Isolated rat ileum was set on organ bath assembly with maintained temperature (37°C), nutrition and oxygenated. Contraction was induced by Acetylcholine. Then response of Mishreya Arka was observed at the dose of 0.5ml, 1ml, 1.5ml and 2ml/ 40ml Tyrode solution. Relaxations or spasmolytic effect was noticed on all the doses of Mishreya Arka against the contraction induced by Acetylcholine. The effective concentration for 50% effect (EC50) of Mishreya Arka was 0.0315 ml/ml. It can be concluded that Mishreya Arka has spasmolytic effect on rat ileum

Determination of voglibose in pharmaceutical formulations by high performance liquid chromatography using refractive index detection

Voglibose is a potent glucosidase inhibitor used for type II diabetes mellitus. A simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method with refractive index detection was developed for the determination of voglibose in pharmaceutical formulations. Development was performed on a C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ) column using a mobile phase mixture of acetonitrile and water in the ratio of 50:50 which was fixed at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Polarity of voglibose was found to be positive and elution time was found to be less than 5 min. The method was also validated as per ICH guidelines for its linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were found to be 2.91 and 9.7 µg/mL. The method could be successfully applied for the quantification of voglibose in pharmaceutical formulations

Long term spatial and temporal rainfall trend analysis using GIS and statistical methods in Lower Bhavani basin, Tamil Nadu, India

419-427The present study aims to identify the long term spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, using the methods from GIS and statistical tools, in Lower Bhavani basin. For this attempt, the spatial distribution of rainfall pattern was studied, by using 33 years of rainfall data (1983 – 2015), from 22 rain gauge stations. The rainfall pattern was interpolated by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method using Arc GIS 10.2.1 on the monthly, seasonal and annual basis. The mean annual rainfall of the region was 666.84 mm. The increasing monthly rainfall was reported in the month of October (164 mm) and decreasing rainfall was observed in the month of January (4.99 mm). The seasonal rainfall changes were prominent during the north east Monsoon season. From 1983 to 2015, 2010 witnessed the highest rainfall pattern in the area. The statistical analysis of Mann Kendall (MK) Test was used, to detect the monotonic increasing and decreasing trend over time, on a monthly basis. A significant level (α = 0.05) was used to detect the positive and negative trend that existed over the basin. To be precise, the positive trend existed during the October over 10 rain gauge stations and it was located on the upper northern part of the basin. The negative trend was observed, over six rain gauge stations in southern part of the basin, in the month of January. The result indicated that spatial distribution of rainfall and trend pattern ensured influences in the topography, agriculture productivity and groundwater management across the basin

Robustness of Predictive Performance of Arima Models Using Birth Rate of Tamilnadu

Birth Rate is one of the important measures in Vital Statistics. In Policy decision making, Birth rate of the state plays a major role and based on that Government makes decision for people welfare. Predicting births and birth rates are fundamental factors in predicting the future population of states. Time series models are one of the best methods for forecasting future values. In time series models, ARIMA models are the class of models which are used to predict the values which can be made the stationarity. In this study, the state TamilNadu birth rates from 1950-2019 has been considered to forecasts the birth rate of the state using Box-Jenkins methods. The ARIMA (5,1,1) models were found to have lower normalised Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) values, making them more acceptable. The ARIMA (0,1,0) model was used to predict the birth rate for the next 30 years, and the results indicated that the birth rate will decline in succeeding years. In conclusion, co-efficient of robust ARIMA model compared with the classical ARIMA model and resulted the best ARIMA models to forecasts the birth rate of the state TamilNadu

Simultaneous Analysis of Losartan Potassium, Amlodipine Besylate, and Hydrochlorothiazide in Bulk and in Tablets by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography with UV-Absorption Densitometry

A Simple high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for separation and quantitative analysis of losartan potassium, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulations has been established and validated. After extraction with methanol, sample and standard solutions were applied to silica gel plates and developed with chloroform : methanol : acetone : formic acid 7.5 : 1.3 : 0.5 : 0.03 (v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. Zones were scanned densitometrically at 254 nm. The Rf values of amlodipine besylate, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan potassium were 0.35, 0.57, and 0.74, respectively. Calibration plots were linear in the ranges 500–3000 ng per spot for losartan potassium, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide, the correlation coefficients, r, were 0.998, 0.998, and 0.999, respectively. The suitability of this method for quantitative determination of these compounds was by validation in accordance with the requirements of pharmaceutical regulatory standards. The method can be used for routine analysis of these drugs in bulk and in formulation

Stability indicating HPTLC method for quantitative estimation of manidipine sihydrochloride API

A simple, selective, precise and stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been established and validated for analysis of manidipine hydrochloride in bulk. The compound was analyzed on aluminium backed silica gel 60 F254 plates with methanol:water, 8.5:1.5 (v:v) as mobile phase. The system was found to give compact spots for manidipine dihydrochloride (RF=0.75). Densitometric analysis was performed at 230 nm. Regression analysis data for the calibration plot indicated good linear relationships between response and concentration over the range of 500-3000 ng/spot. The correlation coefficient, r2 was 0.998. The values of slope and intercept of the calibration plot were 2785.5 and 62.314, respectively. The method was validated for precision, recovery and robustness. The limits of detection and quantification were 20 and 50 ng, respectively. Manidipine dihydrochloride was subjected to acid, base, peroxide and sunlight induced degradation. In stability test the drug was susceptible to acid and base hydrolysis, oxidation and photodegradation. Statistical analysis proved that the method is repeatable, selective and accurate for manidipine. Because the method could effectively separate the drug from their degradation products, it can be used as a stability indicating method

The Implications of Consumer Protection Legislation for Hotels and Guests in South Africa

During the apartheid era, consumers in South Africa, based on their race and ethnicity, were restricted when concluding contracts, as there was no open market trade. As consumers, hotel guests could also be victims of unfair business practices. Hotels use standard form contracts that may include unfair terms that favour the business and which are over-protective of business interests. A significant percentage of the population have low literacy levels, which severely disadvantage them when it comes to understanding the content and consequence of contracts. The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) introduces wide-ranging legal measures to protect consumers, including hotel guests, from exploitation and abuse in the marketplace and sets out comprehensive obligations for hotels. This article provides a descriptive critique based on literature and describes the challenges faced by hotel guests and discusses the implications of the Act for hotels and guests. It concludes that not only does the CPA advocate ethical business practices that are mandatory for hotels, but it also introduces a range of rights and protection for guests as consumers. The CPA has introduced a shift in contract law from a standpoint which allowed the parties the freedom to choose the content of the contract to one where fairness and transparency is imperative, as protection in terms of legislation compensates for the weaker bargaining position of the consumer