Dinamika Kehidupan Minoritas Muslim Di Bali

The history of Islam can be traced back almost in all regencies in Bali, suchas Denpasar City, Badung, Buleleng, Jembrana, Gianyar, Tabanan, Bangli,Karangasem and Klungkung. In this regard, the existence of Balinese Muslimhas also enriched the discourse of Islam-Hindu society in Bali. The relationship between Balinese Muslim and Hindu communities is relatively harmonic since the Kingdom era, despite some social and economic problems between both communities. This article examines the dynamics of Balinese Muslim community in some regencies. It analyses how Balinese Muslim build and preserve their religious identity in the middle of Hindu majority. In addition, this article examines the dynamics of relationship between Balinese Muslim and Hindu, including some problems faced by Balinese Muslims regarding the implementation of Ajeg Bali discourse. The social and economic problems are not only big challenges for Balinese Muslim and Hindu community to respect, understand and shared, but also for local government to solve those problems together with both communities. The latter may preserve unity between religious communities in Bali which has been built up since hundred years ago. This article recommends that local government policies should not only considered majority rights but also considered minority rights of Balinese Muslims

Synthesis of Porous TiO2 with Starch Template and Its Photoactivity Towards Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai sintesis TiO2 dengan cetakan pati menggunakan metode hidrotermal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji sifat kristalinitas dan porositas TiO2 berpori hasil sintesis serta aktivitas fotokatalitiknya dalam reaksi fotodegradasi zat warna metilen biru. TiO2 disintesis menggunakan pati dengan berat bervariasi (0,5%, 2,5%, 5%, 10% b/v) dan tanpa pati. Pati dilarutkan dalam etanol dan dimasukkan ke dalam suspensi titanium (IV) tetraisopropoksida (TTIP). Proses hidrotermal dilakukan pada temperatur 100 ºC selama 4 jam. Cetakan pati dihilangkan melalui kalsinasi pada temperatur 450 ºC selama 4 jam. TiO2 hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR. Pengaruh konsentrasi pati terhadap kristalinitas TiO2 dikaji menggunakan XRD. Porositas TiO2 yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi menggunakan N2 gas sorption analyzer. Aktivitas fotokatalitik TiO2 dikaji melalui fotodegradasi zat warna metilen biru. Berdasarkan hasil XRD, TiO2 hasil sintesis dengan pati sebagai cetakan pori menghasilkan serbuk TiO2 dengan fasa kristalin anatase. TiO2 dengan berat pati 5% b/v memiliki fasa anatase dengan ukuran partikel 11,34 nm. Luas permukaan spesifik SBET TiO2 tersebut 110,19 m2/g dengan volum total pori 0,2 cc/g dan diameter pori 3,62 nm. Hasil uji fotoaktivitas menunjukkan bahwa TiO2 dengan berat pati 5% b/v mampu mendegradasi zat warna metilen biru hingga 56,9% dengan radiasi sinar UV selama 30 menit

Kinetics Study of Au(Iii) Adsorption on Gallic Acid Intercalated Mg/Al-Hydrotalcite

Studi kinetika adsorpsi Au(III) pada Mg/Al-Hidrotalsit (Mg/Al-HT) terinterkalasi asam galat (AG) dilakukan dengan cara interaksi antara larutan Au(III) dalam spesies AuCl4- dengan sejumlah Mg/Al-HT-AG yang disintesis melalui metode kopresipitasi langsung (direct synthesis). Parameter yang digunakan dalam penentuan kinetika adsorpsi adalah variasi waktu kontak dan untuk untuk penentuan isoterm adsorpsi dilakukan variasi konsentrasi Au(III) dengan waktu kontak optimum. Analisis kandungan Au(III) yang tidak teradsorpsi pada adsorben Mg/Al-HT terinterkalasi AG dilakukan analisis dengan AAS. Adsorpsi Au(III) oleh Mg/Al-HT terinterkalasi AG yang berlangsung pada pH 3 mengikuti model kinetika pseudo orde dua dengan konstanta laju (k) 3,798x10-4 g.mg-1.menit-1serta model isoterm adsorpsimengikuti model isoterm Langmuir dengan kapasitas adsorpsi (qmaks) 625 mg.g-1

Effect of Washing Treatment on the Morphology of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorods

Vertically oriented ZnO nanorods were synthesized in a two steps technique involving the preparation of ZnO seed layer and the growth of ZnO nanorod on the glass substrate. ZnO seed layer was firstly deposited on the glass substrate by dip coating method, while well aligned ZnO nanorod were grown on seed layer coated substrate by hydrothermal method at 110 oC for 20 min. Crystalline structure, morphologies and band gap energy of the as-prepared ZnO nanorod were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and specular reflectance UV-Visible spectrophotometer, respectively. The XRD results showed that ZnO nanorods were wurtzite-structured with preferential orientation along (002) plane. It is shown that washing treatment on the as-prepared ZnO films provides a facile way to eliminate randomly oriented ZnO nanorods and results in vertically oriented nanorods on the glass substrate. Its textural coefficient is almost two times higher than ZnO nanorods previously reported

Preparasi Film Elektrolit Gel Kitosan-Ki/I2sebagai Elektrolit Redoks pada Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells(DSSC)

Telah dilakukan preparasi film elektrolit gel polimer kitosan-KI/I2 dengan metode solvent casting. Pada tahap awal, dilakukan kajian waktu pembentukan gel dan pengaruh jumlah KI terhadap sifat redoks dan konduktivitas ionik elektrolit gel kitosan. Elektrolit gel kitosan selanjutnya dibuat film disertai penambahan EG dan gliserol sebagai plasticizer. Waktu pembentukan elektrolit gel optimum adalah 6 jam dengan konduktivitas sebesar 1,73 x 10-4 S. Konduktivitas ionik dan puncak arus oksidasi-reduksi meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya jumlah garam KI.Kristalinitas kitosan menurun dengan bertambahnya garam KI. Konduktivitas ionik tertinggi diperoleh dari film elektrolit gel kitosan/EG-KI/I2 yaitu sebesar 1,84 x 10-6 S cm-1

Sensitization of Xanthophylls-Chlorophyllin Mixtures on Titania Solar Cells

Co-sensitization of natural dyes on TiO2 for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was proposed between chlorophyllin (C) and xanthophylls (X at various volume ratios of C/X. Chlorophyllin is chlorophyll derivative providing -COOH groups essential for binding to TiO2. The chlorophyll was extracted from dried spinach (amaranthus viridis) leaves in a mixture of methanol-acetone (70%:30%). Chlorophyll extract dye was obtained after partition of the crude extracts in diethyl ether solution. Then, it was hydrolyzed under alkaline condition to get chlorophyllin. Xanthophyll was extracted from fresh petal of chrysanthemum (chrysanthemum indicum) flowers. Blending of chlorophyllin and xanthophyll was carried out at various volume ratios of C to X (1:0, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, 0:1). Titania solar cells were constructed in sandwich system of conducting glass-titania/dyes as the photoanode and conducting glass-platinum as the photocathode. Electrolyte solution containing I-/I3- was inserted between the electrodes by capillary action. All dye extracts and blending solutions were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It is shown that the absorption spectra of blending dyes are complimentary in the visible region resulted in a panchromatic response of the dyes. From the cyclic voltammogram of the dyes and blended-dyes, it is found that the energy level of xanthophyll is the lowest. The I-V test at 100 mw/cm2 irradiation confirmed that the energy conversion efficiency (h) of the blended dyes of xanthophyll and chlorophyllin-sensitized solar cell resulted in significant improvement than those of the single dye. Beneficially, the mixed dyes can be adsorbed from solution blend using single dipping step

The Debate Over Moral Justification of State Terrorism

This essay examines the debate over moral justifications of state terrorism. Consequentialist and deontologist perspectives provide a framework to justify acts of terrorism. However, this framework can not absolutely be defended. By drawing on Tony Coady and Igor Primoratz point of views, it is argued that acts of terrorism perpetrated by the state can never be justified and it is morally wrong and worse than non-state terrorism

PREPARATION OF CEMENT-ZEOLITE-CLAY COMPOSITE PLATE AND ITS ADSORPTION-DESORPTION STUDY WITH RESPECT TO ETHANOL/WATER MIXTURE

Preparation of cement-zeolite-clay composite plate and its adsorption-desorption study with respect to ethanol/water mixture has been carried out. The composite plate was characterized by infrared spectrophotometer (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Material testing machine was used to determine the compressive strength of the composite plates. From the preparation of composite plate, it was found that the higher the amount of clay, the greater the compressive strength and water adsorption percentage. The adsorption-desorption data showed that the desorption rate of composite plate with respect to ethanol was greater than that to water despite its adsorption rate was not significantly different. The difference on desorption rate was then used to separate ethanol/water mixture through pervaporation without heating. The adsorption and desorption rate of composite plate with respect to ethanol/water mixture were found increasing as the amount of clay increasing. Pervaporation using the composite plates resulted in the rise of ethanol concentration.</p

Green Chemistry: Effect of Microwave Irradiationon Synthesis of Chitosan for Biomedical Grade Applications of Biodegradable Materials

Microwave assisted chitosan synthesis as biodegradable material for biomedical application has been done. The purpose of this research is to synthesis of chitosan with high DD and low molecular weight using microwave energy, the study of reaction conditions include parameters of power and reaction time. Chitosan was prepared by deacetylation of chitin with 60% NaOH solution. Conventional method has been done by reflux for 90minutes, resulting chitosan with DD of 79.5%, 72.6% yields and molecular weight 6051 g/mol. Green chemistry method using microwave radiation at 800 Watts for 5 minutes has produced chitosan with highest DD, yield and molecular weight of 86%, 75% and 3797 g/mole respectively. Synthesis of Chitosan by microwave radiation method can save 10x electrical energy for the reaction, also rapidly and effectively to produce chitosan with low molecular weight compared to conventional method