Pola Asuh Makan pada Balita dengan Status Gizi Kurang di Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah dan Kalimantan Tengah, Tahun 2011

Latar belakang: Menurut UNICEF, penyebab secara langsung terjadinya kurang gizi pada Balita, adalah konsumsi makanan Balita yang tidak seimbang dan adanya penyakit infeksi, sedangkan faktor tidak langsung diantaranya adalahpola asuh Balita. Metode: Desain penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan selama 10 bulan pada tahun 2011, di tiga provinsi yaitu Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah dan Kalimantan Tengah. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara kuantitatif, dengan cara wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur pada ibu Balita dengan status gizi bawah garis merah (BGM). Pengambilan sampel Balita BGM dilakukan secara purposive, di masing-masing lokasi penelitian. Hasil: Sebagian besar (33,3%) ibu Balita mempunyai tingkat pendidikan sekolah dasar (SD), dan 26,7% tamat SMP dan SMA. Di kabupaten Sumenep terdapat 45,8% ibu Balita berpendidikan tamat SD, sedangkan ibu Balita tamat SMA di kota Semarang dan kabupaten Gunung Mas, berturut-turut sebanyak 38% dan 35,1%. Balita kurang gizi/BGM yang mempunyai ayah dengan tingkat pendidikan tidak tamat sekolah sebanyak 16,7% ada di kabupaten Sumenep, sedangkan di kota Semarang dan kabupaten Gunung Mas sebagian besar ayah Balita berpendidikan tamat SMA yaitu sebanyak 44,8% dan 35,1%. Jenis penyakit yang sering diderita oleh Balita kurang gizi/BGM & gizi buruk di 3 (tiga) lokasi penelitian adalah demam/panas (68,9%), batuk/pilek sebanyak 15,6% dan diare/mencret sebesar 8,9%. Pola makan yang diberikan selain ASI pada anak usia 0–6 bulan meliputi madu, air tajin, susu formula, biskuit bayi, pisang yang dilembutkan, bubur susu, makanan lunak,nasi, sayur, ikan, telur, daging sapi, jajanan dan camilan, dengan alasan agar anak mau makan dan tidak menangis. Kesimpulan: Pola makan yang kurang tepat pada Balita mengakibatkan inisiasi menyusu dini dan pemberianASI ekslusif tidak dapat diterapkan dengan baik dan benar

Implementation Evaluation Jampersal At Mataram

Background: Jampersal program launched in 2011 aims to reduce maternal and infant mortality. West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province one the province that contribute the highest maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Indonesia. The study isaimed to evaluating Jampersal in the city of Mataram. Method: This study was conducted in 2012. The design was crosssectional. The locations were two health centres in Mataram City such as: Karang Taliwang and Karang Pule. The samples Jampersal targets such as: expectant mothers, maternal, and postpartum. The sampling was based on cohort data of mothers from selected health centres started from October 2011 to April 2012. The samples were randomly selected from70 people in each selected health centres (survey method formulation was applied). Results: Most of the 82.9% of usersutilize Jampersal Jampersal program for pregnancy checks 79.3%, 45.7% delivery assistance, postpartum examination and inspection 37.9% 32.9% new borns. A total of 59.4% of users Jampersal antenatal care at health centers, 34.9% and 2.8% Polindes gynecologist's office. Almost all users Jampersal health service to health professionals, yet still found 10% who do deliveries to non-health personnel. Samples not Jampersal most users 50% did not aid deliveries in health facilities. Conclusions: Program Jampersal public acclaim Mataram especially the poor. Most of the 62.9% of the sample knew Jampersal program as a guarantee given for free delivery. Even if the implementation is still not all perform at health facilities and health workers due to cultural factors still play a role, especially during childbirth because they still have powerto non-health

Pergerakan Program Penanggulangan Daerah Bermasalah Kesehatan (PDBK) dan Indikator Mutlak Kesehatan di Kabupaten Sampang

Latar belakang: Program Penanggulangan Daerah Bermasalah Kesehatan (PDBK) diharapkan sebagai upaya terobosan (extra ordinary) untuk memecah kebuntuan (debottlenecking) dalam penyelenggaraan pelayanan kesehatan di kabupaten Sampang yang berdasarkan ranking Indeks Pembangunan Kesehatan Masyarakat (IPKM) tahun 2011 berada pada urutan ke 426. Model pendampingan tersebut dimulai dengan mengadakan suatu ‘Kalakarya' yang berkaitan dengan pencapaian indikator mutlak IPKM di kabupaten Sampang. Dari kalakarya menghasilkan aksi nyata berupa“ Operasi Timbang Balita”. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dari September, 2011 sampai November, 2012 di tujuh Puskesmas terpilih yaitu: Banyuanyar, Kamoning, Sreseh, Kedundung, Camplong dan Robatal. Desain penelitian berupa riset operasional dengan cara pengamatan secara berkala selama pendampingan berlangsung. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatankuantitatif dan pendekatan kualitatif. Penilaian cakupan indikator mutlak kesehatan dilihat berdasarkan cakupan Balita yang ditimbang, tingkat partisipasi masyarakat (D/S), kasus Balita gizi buruk, dan upaya pelayanan kesehatan yang meliputi: cakupan kunjungan bayi (KN1), kunjungan pemeriksaan kehamilan (K1 & K4), dan cakupan pertolongan persalinan dengan tenaga kesehatan. Hasil: Operasi Timbang Balita berhasil mendongkrak tingkat partisipasi masyarakat (D/S) menjadi 80%, sekaligus menjaring kasus Balita gizi buruk sebanyak 12.100 Balita. Hasil cakupan kunjungan neonatus dan pemeriksaan kehamilan sudah mencapai > 90%, walaupun untuk cakupan kunjungan pemeriksaan kehamilan ke-4 (K4) baru mencapai 70%. Demikian juga dengan cakupan pertolongan persalinan sudah meningkat menjadi 90%. Hasil lain yang diperoleh adalah terjadinya replikasi Kalakarya di tingkat Puskesmas yang dilanjutkan ke tingkat Posyandu. Saran: Perlu diciptakan sistim pemantauan dan evaluasi program berkelanjutan yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi geografi s, topografi s dan kondisi spesifik masing-masing wilayah di kabupaten Sampang

Konsumsi Daging Sebagai Indikator Anemia Pada Wanita Usia Subur

Background: In the future nutrition surveilans will be developed not only for macro nutrient problem but also for micro nutrient. Anaemic is still one of main nutrition problems in Indonesia. About 27% of women of reproductive age and 48% of under-fives are anemic problem. One of the caused of high prevalenceanemic in Indonesia was low level of iron consumption on daily meals. Therefore, it is required cheap, easy and sensitive indicator for anemic surveillans. Objectives: To studies the possibility meat consumption as an anaemic indicator on woman of reproductive age. Methods: Research design is cros-sectional, which conducted in Bali and Banten province. The subjects are women of reproductive age (WORA) aged 17-40 years old. A total number of 576 WORA was selected by simple random sampling. Data collected are food consumption by using Semi Quantitative Questioner Food Frequency (FFQ), socio economic, parity, family planning, food supplement, anthropometric and Haemoglobine level. Data were analysis by logistic regression and reliability test. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that meat consumption less than twice for a week associated with increased of the risk of anemic by 2.2 times compared with women with twice for a week or more. Parity three times or more, increased risk of anemic by 2.85 times compared with women with paruty less than three times. Furthermore, the reliability test indicates that consumption of meats less than twice a week as indicator of anemia has sensitivity 76.6% and specificity 46.1% Conclusions: Meat consumption less than twice a week can not use as indicator for anaemia among woman at reproductive age. [Penel Gizi Makan 2009, 32(2): 112-121

Keadaan Gizi Dan Kesehatan Balita Kurang Energi Protein Yang Berobat Jalan Ke Enam Puskesmas Di Kabupaten Bogor

Pada penelitian uji coba paket penanggulangan gizi buruk yang dilakukan oleh tenaga pelaksana gizi di enam puskesmas terpilih, tercatat 83 anak Balita kurang energi protein yang berobat jalan ke puskesmas yang dapat diamati Perubahan keadaan gizi dan kesehatan. Setelah mengikuti kegiatan pemulihan di puskesmas selama enam bulan ternyata terdapat Perubahan keadaan gizi anak Balita dari 83 anak, 35 anak (42.2%) mengalami perbaikan keadaan gizi, dengan 4 anak (4.82%) menjadi keadaan gizi baik. 44 anak (53.0%) tidak mengalami Perubahan keadaan gizi dan 4 anak (4.8%) mengalami penurunan keadaan gizi. Dari 83 anak Balita tersebut yang berkunjung ke puskesmas ternyata lebih banyak disertai penyakit. Jenis penyakit yang banyak diderita adalah infeksi saluran pernapasan (55.5%), penyakit kulit 20.5%, infeksi saluran pernapasan atas disertai diare 20.5% dan diare 7.3%

Ujicoba Suplementasi Besi Asam Folat dan Vitamin B12 untuk Menanggulangi Anemia

An experiment was done to cope with anemia in subdistrict Cugenang, District Cianjur, West Java. By supplementation iron pills, folic acid and vitamin B12, the experiment was carried out among women of productive age. The three supplements were given to 135 women once a week over a duration of four months. The women were divided into four groups. Group I (control) was given placebo, group II was given iron pills. Folic acid and vitamin B12 (as the programme of heath centre), while group IV was given iron pills and vitamin B12. Observation on haemoglobin (Hb) from blood samples was done once a month during the four months. The results showed that the 135 women had relatively equal initial Hb contents. Group I had 9,32 gr/l, group II had 9,08 gr/l, group III had 9,09 gr/l and group IV had 9,00 gr/l. At the end of the fourth month, the Hb contents increased, except that of group I. Group II showed an increased to 11,92 gr/l, group III to 12.09 gr/l and group IV to 11.87 gr/l. A statistical examination explained that group II -IV were significantly different from group I, but there was not any significant difference among the three groups. It was obvious that the highest increase in Hb content belongs to group III, being 3,00 gr/l, leading to the largest decrease in the percentage of anemic condition, being 69,6%. The smallest decrease 61,2%, belong to group II, while 67,8% was the decrease of group IV. Group I did not show any decrease in the percentage of anemic condition. The increase in Hb contents was evidence that three supplement could improve the condition of the women. Iron pills, folic acid and vitamin B12 combined together proved to be the best intervention. However, in case of insufficiency or impossibility, iron pills and folic acid (as the programme of heath centre) were considered to be good supplements to improve the Hb contents

Kualitas Garam, Perilaku Pembelian Garam, Serta Kadar Yodium dalam Urin Ibu Hamil di Jawa Barat

Pengalaman di berbagai negara menunjukkan bahwa yodisasi garam secara universal terbukti menurunkan prevalensi gondok. Indonesia bertekad menurunkan prevalensi gondok dan bebas kretin baru pada tahun 2000. Dalam jangka panjang Indonesia bertekad melakukan yodisasi garam secara universal. Selama yodisasi garam secara universal belum tercapai perilaku ibu dalam membeli garam akan banyak menentukan konsumsi yodium rumahtangga. Selain itu beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian yodium hilang dalam pemasakan. Untuk itu diperlukan informasi status yodisasi garam, perilaku pemilihan garam serta hubungannya dengan kadar yodium yang diekskresi di urin ibu hamil. Karena itu telah dilakukan penelitian di 20% desa di setiap kecamatan di Propinsi Jawa Barat. Di setiap desa terpilih dilakukan wawancara terhadap 30 ibu hamil dan menyusui yang dipilih secara acak. Sub sampel ibu hamil dipilih secara acak sekitar 4 orang per desa terpilih untuk pengukuran eksekusi yodium di dalam urin. Di desa tersebut dilakukan uji kadar yodium dalam 4-5 macam sampel garam yang dijual di beberapa warung. Dari 4153 sampel garam yang diperiksa 27.1% mempunyai kadar yodium >30 ppm, 70% mengandung yodium <30 ppm dan 2.9% tidak mengandung yodium. Dari 45928 ibu hamil sampel pada saat membeli garam, 57% memilih garam beryodium, 8.7% sengaja memilih garam tidak beryodium dan 34.3% tidak peduli. Sebesar 89.6% ibu hamil membeli garam di warung-warung desa. Median ekskresi yodium di dalam urin 70 ug/L yang menunjukkan status kekurangan yodium. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang kuat antara proporsi garam yodium >30 ppm, proporsi ibu-ibu yang sengaja membeli garam beryodium dengan proporsi ibu hamil dengan ekskresi yodium dalam urin >100 ug/L yang menunjukkan status kekurangan yodium. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang kuat antara proporsi garam yodium >30 ppm, proporsi ibu-ibu yang sengaja membeli garam beryodium dengan proporsi ibu hamil dengan ekskresi yodium dalam urin >100 ug/L ataupun proporsi ibu hamil dengan ekskresi yodium <50 ug/L

Pola Pemberian Makan Anak (6-18 Bulan) Dan Hubungannya Dengan Pertumbuhan Dan Perkembangan Anak Pada Keluarga Miskin Dan Tidak Miskin

PATTERNS OF CHILD FEEDING (6-18 MONTHS OLD) FROM POOR AND WELL OFF FAMILIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.Background: A research was conducted on children of 6-18 month old from poor and well off family at Ciomas Sud-district, Boger Regency, West Java.Objective: This research aimed at observing the influence of feeding pattern of child under 2 years in its relation to child growth and development of the two family groups.Method: Sampling was conducted purposively amounted to 55 children from the poor families and 36 children from well of families, so the total is 91 children. Data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS program, with chisquare and T statistical test to find out the relationship among variabels.Results: From the result of this research it was found out that there are 44 children from the poor families who were only feed with carbohydrate, and the other 11 had a complete feeding pattern (carbohydrate + protein). Meanwhile, of the 36 children of well off families, 30 (83%) have the complete feeding pattern and 6 (17%) have the carbohydrate only feeding pattern. From the result of growth measuring calculated based on nutrient status (weight/age) there were 15 of 55 children from the poor families who were undernourished, those who had thecarbohydrate only feeding pattem,i.e. 10 children (66.7%). Whereas of the 36 children from well families, therewere 34 with good nutrient status, and 2 undernourished children. Statistical test shows that there is a significant difference of feeding pattern and growth between the two family groups (p<0.05). Observing the rough motoric development, there were 28 children with slowness at the beginning of the research, i.e. 25 children from the poor families and 3 from the well off families. However, six month after the activity was carried out, there was a change on 3 children from the well of families to be normal, while from the poor families only 3 children that changed to normal.Conclusions: Statistical test shows that there is a significant difference between the motoric development and feeding pattern on the two family groups both at the beginning and the end of the research