Grey Wolf Optimizer and Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Electric Power System State Estimation with Load Uncertainty and False Data

State estimate serves a crucial purpose in the control centre of a modern power system. Voltage phasor of buses in such configurations is referred to as state variables that should be determined during operation. A precise estimation is needed to define the optimal operation of all components. So many mathematical and heuristic techniques can be used to achieve the aforementioned objective. An enhanced power system state estimator built on the cuck search algorithm is described in this work. Several scenarios, including the influence of load uncertainty and the likelihood of false data injection as significant challenges in electrical energy networks, are proposed to analyse the operation of estimators. The ability to identify and correct false data is also assessed in this regard. Additionally, the performance of the presented estimator is compared to that of the weighted least squares, Cuckoo Search algorithm and grey wolf Optimizer. The findings demonstrate that the grey wolf Optimizer overcomes the primary shortcomings of the conventional approaches, including accuracy and complexity, and is also better able to identify and rectify incorrect data. On IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus test systems, simulations are run to show how well the method works

State Estimation for Electric Power System with Load Uncertainty and False Data Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

State estimate serves a crucial purpose in the control centre of a modern power system. Voltage phasor of buses in such configurations is referred to as state variables that should be determined during operation. A precise estimation is needed to define the optimal operation of all components. So many mathematical and heuristic techniques can be used to achieve the aforementioned objective. An enhanced power system state estimator built on the cuckoo search algorithm is described in this work. Several scenarios, including the influence of load uncertainty and the likelihood of false data injection as significant challenges in electrical energy networks, are proposed to analyses the operation of estimators. The ability to identify and correct false data is also assessed in this regard. Additionally, the performance of the presented estimator is compared to that of the weighted least squares and Cuckoo Search algorithm. The findings demonstrate that the Cuckoo search algorithm overcomes the primary shortcomings of the conventional approaches, including accuracy and complexity, and is also better able to identify and rectify incorrect data. On IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus test systems, simulations are run to show how well the method works

Durability properties of fly ash and silica fume blended concrete for marine environment

1803-1812The improvement in durability and strength by replacing the conventional components with supplementary materials in concrete is one of the recently focused areas in concrete technology. From the previous till the recent times serious efforts have been taken to improve the structural adequacy and durability characteristics of concrete so as to efficiently replace the usual conventional concrete. In this present research work, the mechanical and durability properties of the concrete blended with fly ash (FC) and silica fume (SC) are studied in detail. The partial replacement of cement with silica fume and fly ash in the concrete improves the overall property of the concrete, gives a way for the reuse of the supplementary material to be efficiently brought back giving a cleaner environment. The fly ash is used with the replacement percentages of 10, 15 and 20 of the cement whereas for silica fume the replacement percentages are 8, 10 and 12, respectively. Also the study is extended to combination mixes to test the strength and durability and it has been found that the increase in the percentage of the silica fume increases the strength reduces the workability and permeability to a high extent and the inclusion of the fly ash paves a way for the increase in the durability property. The effect of the cementitious material with FC and SC on the concrete is compared with the nominal concrete and also the suitability in the usage of marine environment is validated in accordance with the International codes

PROBABILITY BASED CORROSION CONTROL FOR HIGH LEVEL WASTE TANKS: INTERIM REPORT

Controls on the solution chemistry (minimum nitrite and hydroxide concentrations) are in place to prevent the initiation and propagation of pitting and stress corrosion cracking in high level waste (HLW) tanks. These controls are based upon a series of experiments performed on carbon steel coupons in simulated waste solutions. An experimental program was undertaken to investigate reducing the minimum molar nitrite concentration required to confidently inhibit pitting. A statistical basis to quantify the probability of pitting for the tank wall, when exposed to various dilute solutions, is being developed. Electrochemical and coupon testing are being performed within the framework of the statistical test matrix to determine the minimum necessary inhibitor concentrations and develop a quantitative model to predict pitting propensity. A subset of the original statistical test matrix was used to develop an applied understanding of the corrosion response of the carbon steel in the various environments. The interim results suggest that there exists some critical nitrite concentration that sufficiently inhibits against localized corrosion mechanisms due to nitrates/chlorides/sulfates, beyond which further nitrite additions are unnecessary. The combination of visual observation and the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization scans indicate the potential for significant inhibitor reductions without consequence specifically at nitrate concentrations near 1 M. The complete data sets will be used to determine the statistical basis to confidently inhibit against pitting using nitrite inhibition with the current pH controls. Once complete, a revised chemistry control program will be devised based upon the probability of pitting specifically for dilute solutions which will allow for tank specific chemistry control implementation

Benchmarking of Cell Throughput Using Proportional Fair Scheduler in a Single Cell Environment

The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm compromises between cell throughput and fairness. Many research findings have been published by various researchers about PF algorithm based on mathematical model and simulations. In this paper we have taken the practical route to analyse the algorithm based on three types of subscription. In this benchmarking study, the user subscriptions are differentiated as Gold, Silver and Bronze schemes and they are provisioned with certain throughputs. Apart from subscriptions plans, the channel condition also plays a major role in determining the throughput. So in order to ensure fairness among different subscriptions even in the bad channel conditions and to deliver the provisioned throughputs certain priorities are attached with the subscriptions. As per the subscription plans Gold subscribers are assigned with 50% of the speed offered by the network as maximum based on CAT3 speed (100 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL), Silver is assigned with 25% of the max speed and Bronze is assigned with 12% of the max speed. The priorities assigned to subscribers determines the fairness in the unfavourable channel conditions - Bronze (high), Silver and Gold (medium). In this paper, an benchmarking tests have been performed with all of three types of subscribers for nearly two hours in the live single cell network without any heterogeneous cells influencing it. Furthermore, the results are compared with the simulation results

Effect of lateral crushing on tensile property of bamboo, modal and tencel fibres

The effect of lateral crushing on the tensile properties of bamboo, modal and tencel fibres has been investigated. A fibre crushing apparatus has been used for the purpose of lateral crushing of fibres. The influence of transverse compression on the axial mechanical properties of these fibres has been analysed. The study reveals that modal fibre sustained a higher loss in tensile properties compared to bamboo and tencel. The general phenomenon obtained from the study is that the percentage loss of strength and breaking extension varies from one fibre to another based on the fibre type and morphology

Relationship between electrophilicity index, Hammett constant and nucleus-independent chemical shift

Inter-relationships between the electrophilicity index (Ω), Hammett constant (óp @#@) and nucleusindependent chemical shift (NICS (1) - NICS value one ångstrom above the ring centre) have been investigated for a series of meta- and para-substituted benzoic acids. Good linear relationships between Hammett constant vs electrophilicity and Hammett constant vs NICS (1) values have been observed. However, the variation of NICS (1) against CO shows only a low correlation coefficient

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES FOR FLAW STABILITY ANALYSIS IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT SERVICE

Discovery of aging phenomena in the materials of a structure may arise after its design and construction that impact its structural integrity. This condition can be addressed through a demonstration of integrity with the material-specific degraded conditions. Two case studies of development of fracture and crack growth property data, and their application in development of in-service inspection programs for nuclear structures in the defense complex are presented. The first case study covers the development of fracture toughness properties in the form of J-R curves for rolled plate Type 304 stainless steel with Type 308 stainless steel filler in the application to demonstrate the integrity of the reactor tanks of the heavy water production reactors at the Savannah River Site. The fracture properties for the base, weld, and heat-affected zone of the weldments irradiated at low temperatures (110-150 C) up to 6.4 dpa{sub NRT} and 275 appm helium were developed. An expert group provided consensus for application of the irradiated properties for material input to acceptance criteria for ultrasonic examination of the reactor tanks. Dr. Spencer H. Bush played a lead advisory role in this work. The second case study covers the development of fracture toughness for A285 carbon steel in high level radioactive waste tanks. The approach in this case study incorporated a statistical experimental design for material testing to address metallurgical factors important to fracture toughness. Tolerance intervals were constructed to identify the lower bound fracture toughness for material input to flaw disposition through acceptance by analysis

EVALUATION OF THE FAILURE OF A RADIOACTIVE WASTE TRANSFER LINE JACKET

Radioactive wastes are confined in 49 underground storage tanks at the Savannah River Site. The waste is transported between tanks primarily via an underground transfer piping system. Due to the hazardous nature of the waste, the inner core stainless steel pipe is typically surrounded by a carbon steel pipe jacket, which provides secondary containment. Recently several through-wall penetrations were discovered on a segment of one of the jackets. An evaluation was performed to verify the failure mechanism and to estimate the degree of damage that occurred to the pipe segment. Failure analysis of a section of the jacket confirmed that pitting corrosion on the exterior of the pipe led to the through-wall penetration. Ultrasonic measurements on sections of the pipe were utilized to determine the remaining wall thickness in adjacent areas of the pipe. Based on these measurements, the degree of pitting and general corrosion was determined. Pit growth rate models were then developed to estimate the life expectancy of sections of the pipe that had not been excavated. The calculations estimated that the occurrence of through-wall failures in this jacket will begin to increase substantially in 12 years. Given that this pipe segment will be utilized beyond this time, short-term and long-term solutions to this failure were proposed. The short-term solutions focused on the repair or replace decisions that must be made to return the jacket to service as soon as practical. The long-term solutions focused on a broader strategy to address jacket integrity issues in the entire tank farm facility. These solutions included the evaluation of innovative remote inspection and repair techniques

Liposomi rivastigmina za isporuku u mozak intranazalnim putem

The present study is mainly aimed at delivering a drug into the brain via the intranasal route using a liposomal formulation. For this purpose, rivastigmine, which is used in the management of Alzheimer’s disease, was selectd as a model drug. Conventional liposomes were formulated by lipid layer hydration method using cholesterol and soya lecithin as lipid components. The concentration of rivastigmine in brain and plasma was studied in rat models after intranasal and oral administration of liposomes and free drug. A significantly higher level of drug was found in the brain with intranasal liposomes of rivastigmine compared to the intranasal free drug and the oral route. Intranasal liposomes had a longer half-life in the brain than intranasally or orally administered free drug. Delivering rivastigmine liposomes through the intranasal route for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease might be a new approach to the management of this condition.Glavni cilj rada je razvoj liposoma za intranazalnu primjenu za isporuku lijeka u mozak. U tu svrhu izabran je rivastigmin kao modelni lijek koji se upotrebljava u terapiji Alzheimerove bolesti. Liposomi su pripravljeni metodom hidratacije lipidnog sloja koristeći kolesterol i lecitin iz soje kao lipidne komponente. Praćena je koncentracija rivastigmina u mozgu i plazmi nakon intranazalne i peroralne primjene liposoma i slobodnog lijeka. S intranazalnim liposomima rivastigmina postignuta je značajno veća koncentracija lijeka u mozgu. Osim toga intranazalni liposomi imaju dulje vrijeme poluživota u mozgu. Intranazalna primjena liposoma rivastigmina mogla bi predstavljati novi pristup terapiji Alzheimerove bolesti