EVALUATION OF PROTEIN RELEASE RATE FROM MYCOPROTEIN - FUSARIUM VENENATUM BY CELL DISRUPTION METHOD

Objective: Single cell protein based on mycoprotein is now extensively used as human and animal feed in various parts of the world. It is used because of the high nutrient content particularly protein and the supply of protein is an essential criteria of utilization of mycoprotein. The present study is about evaluation of protein release rate from mycoprotein - Fusarium venenatum by cell disruption method. Methods: Fusarium venenatum was cultivated in Vogel's mineral medium and the separated biomass was subjected to lyophilization followed by grinding and sonication under different time periods to release the protein. Liberated protein was estimated by Lowry's method and the protein release rate was determined. Results: Maximum protein release rate constant 0.680 min was recorded in grinding with sonication. Conclusion: Protein release rate from mycoprotein – Fusarium venenatum by cell disruption method is the useful study to determine the optimal utilization of nutrient factors supplied by the mycoprotein to the consumers.Further studies will be helpful to determine the release profile with suitable animal model

EVALUATION OF PHYTASE PRODUCTION BY HYPOCREA LIXII SURT01 IN SUBMERGED AND SOLID-STATE FERMENTATIONS

Objective: Phytases have important applications in human and animal nutrition because they hydrolyze the phytate present in legumes, cereal grains and oil seeds to release inorganic phosphate. Supplementation of phosphate to the poultry causes a serious problem of eutrophication. This can be reduced by incorporating phytase in poultry feed. Present study explains extracellular phytase production by SmF and SSF from a fungal strain Hypocrea lixii SURT01. Methods: Extracellular phytase production by Hypocrea lixii SURT01 was evaluated in media containing various refined carbon sources (Fructose, Sucrose, Maltose and lactose in concentration ranging from 1.5% to 7.5%) along with standard medium under submerged fermentation (SmF). At the same time, phytase production was studied under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) with four different substrate such as barley, green gram, bengal gram and black gram. Results: In SmF out of different carbon sources in various concentrations, 6% sucrose showed maximum enzyme production (245U/ml). In SSF, barley showed highest phytase yield (1638 Units/ml) on 5th day of incubation. Conclusion: Evaluation of Solid state fermentation showed enhanced phytase production when compared to Submerged Fermentation

Effect of functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles incorporated with whole attenuated rabies virus antigen on sustained release and efficacy

Nanovaccines introduced a new dimension to prevent or cure diseases in an efficient and sustained manner. Various polymers have been used for the drug delivery to increase the therapeutic value with minimal side effects. Thus the present study incorporates both nanotechnology and polymers for the drug delivery. Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) was incorporated with the rabies whole attenuated viral antigen using double emulsion (W/O/W) method and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Chitosan-PEG nanoparticles incorporated with the rabies whole attenuated virus antigen (CS-PEG NP-RV Ag.) were prepared using Ionic Gelation method. The CS-PEG NP-RV Ag. was surface modified with biocompatible polymers such as Acacia, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Casein, Ovalbumin and Starch by Ionic Gelation method. The morphology was confirmed by SEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The surface modification was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential. The size distribution of CS-PEG-RV Ag. and surface modified CS-PEG-RV Ag. by respective biocompatible polymers was assessed by Zetasizer. Release profile of both stabilized nanoparticles was carried out by modified centrifugal ultrafiltration method which showed the sustained release pattern of the Rabies Ag. Immune stimulation under in-vitro condition was studied using rosette assay and phagocytosis assay. In-vitro toxicity using human blood and genotoxicity using human blood DNA was also studied to assess the toxicity of the nanoformulations. The results of these studies infer that PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles, CS-PEG and surface modified CS-PEG nanoparticles may be an efficient nanocarrier for the RV Ag. to elicit immune response sustainably with negligible toxic effect to the human system

Potential antioxidative protein-pigment complex Spirulina platensis mediated food grade phycocyanin C -Extraction, purification, antioxidative activity and biocompatibility

Phycocyanin (PC), a photosynthetic pigment produced by cyanobacteria has been gained attention due to its distinct properties such as antioxidant and anti-proliferative. Acute and sub acute toxicity studies were carried out to determine the biocompatibility of the extracted phycocyanin on Wistar rat model. PC was extracted from Spirulina platensis biomass by cold maceration followed by successive purification by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. Biocompatibility of the purified phycocyanin was carried out by acute toxicity studies using Wistar rat model. Acute toxicity has been determined by the effect of single oral dose of PC with two different concentrations (250 and 500 mg/Kg) on the body weight, general behaviour, and mortality. In sub-acute treatment. The effect of phycocyanin on the various parameters at the respective concentration as single oral dose daily during 28 days was studied. Cold maceration followed by maceration brought about food grade phycocyanin C (C-PC) which final yield and purity were increased in the successive purification steps. Antioxidative study using DPPH assay reveals the effective free scavenging activity of the phycocynin as concentration-dependent manner. Biocompatibility studies against Wister rat model did not exhibit any harmful effect. Any sign of toxic effect on biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters was not observed in all the tested animals of treatment groups during the study period which reveals a high level of biocompatibility. The present study suggests the possible utilization of phycocyanin C as an effective pharmaceutical agent

Potential antioxidative protein-pigment complex Spirulina platensis mediated food grade phycocyanin C -Extraction, purification, antioxidative activity and biocompatibility

230-239Phycocyanin (PC), a photosynthetic pigment produced by cyanobacteria has been gained attention due to its distinct properties such as antioxidant and anti-proliferative. Acute and sub acute toxicity studies were carried out to determine the biocompatibility of the extracted phycocyanin on Wistar rat model. PC was extracted from Spirulina platensis biomass by cold maceration followed by successive purification by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. Biocompatibility of the purified phycocyanin was carried out by acute toxicity studies using Wistar rat model. Acute toxicity has been determined by the effect of single oral dose of PC with two different concentrations (250 and 500 mg/Kg) on the body weight, general behaviour, and mortality. In sub-acute treatment. The effect of phycocyanin on the various parameters at the respective concentration as single oral dose daily during 28 days was studied. Cold maceration followed by maceration brought about food grade phycocyanin C (C-PC) which final yield and purity were increased in the successive purification steps. Antioxidative study using DPPH assay reveals the effective free scavenging activity of the phycocynin as concentration-dependent manner. Biocompatibility studies against Wister rat model did not exhibit any harmful effect. Any sign of toxic effect on biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters was not observed in all the tested animals of treatment groups during the study period which reveals a high level of biocompatibility. The present study suggests the possible utilization of phycocyanin C as an effective pharmaceutical agent

Silver nanoparticles loaded pyrrole based pesticidal metabolites (AgNps-PFM) nanoconjugate induced impact on the gut microbion and immune response against lepidopteron pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.)

Pest control measures using nanobiotechnology principles is now being extensively utilized in the various parts of the world. Understanding the molecular mechanism behind the pestiicdal activity of the nanomaterials is essential to exploit the principles of nanomaterials as an effective pest control strategy. In the present investigation, impact of the nanoconjugate prepared from biogenic silver nanoparticles-fungal based insecticidal metabolites (AgNps-FM) on the gut microbion and immune response against major lepidopteron pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.) was studied. Nanoconjugate was prepared from silver nanoparticles from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract with the fungal based pesticidal metabolites. Highly stable nano structural nano conjugate thus obtained was evaluated against gut microbion and immune response of Spodoptera litura. Gut microbion status was studied by determination of microbial count, extra cellular enzymes potential of the gut microbial isolates adopting culture dependent methods. Nanoconjugate induced effect on the immune response was done by recording total hemocyte count and reduced total haemocyte count, phenol oxidase activity and lectin expression pattern Synthesized nanoconjugate brought about notable impact on the gut microbion count and their extra cellular enzyme potential. Reduced haemocytes count, poor lectin expression and reduced phenol oxidase production reveals the immune suppressive activity. High efficacy of the Nanoconjugate thus obtained would suggest the possible utilization of Nanoconjugate as an effective, safe pesticidal agent against economic important insect pests

Silver nanoparticles loaded pyrrole based pesticidal metabolites (AgNps-PFM) nanoconjugate induced impact on the gut microbion and immune response against lepidopteron pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.)

478-485Pest control measures using nanobiotechnology principles is now being extensively utilized in the various parts of the world. Understanding the molecular mechanism behind the pestiicdal activity of the nanomaterials is essential to exploit the principles of nanomaterials as an effective pest control strategy. In the present investigation, impact of the nanoconjugate prepared from biogenic silver nanoparticles-fungal based insecticidal metabolites (AgNps-FM) on the gut microbion and immune response against major lepidopteron pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.) was studied. Nanoconjugate was prepared from silver nanoparticles from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract with the fungal based pesticidal metabolites. Highly stable nano structural nano conjugate thus obtained was evaluated against gut microbion and immune response of Spodoptera litura. Gut microbion status was studied by determination of microbial count, extra cellular enzymes potential of the gut microbial isolates adopting culture dependent methods. Nanoconjugate induced effect on the immune response was done by recording total hemocyte count and reduced total haemocyte count, phenol oxidase activity and lectin expression pattern Synthesized nanoconjugate brought about notable impact on the gut microbion count and their extra cellular enzyme potential. Reduced haemocytes count, poor lectin expression and reduced phenol oxidase production reveals the immune suppressive activity. High efficacy of the Nanoconjugate thus obtained would suggest the possible utilization of Nanoconjugate as an effective, safe pesticidal agent against economic important insect pests

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NANO ZERO-VALENT IRON IMPREGNATED CASHEW NUT SHELL

Objective: The present study is focussed on the synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) impregnated cashew nut shell (NZVI-CNS). Antibacterial activity was determined by adopting agar well diffusion method against selected bacteria.Methods: The preparation was carried out by simple liquid-phase reduction method, namely, borohydride reduction method. The anti-bacterial activity of the NZVI-CNS was studied against by adopting well diffusion assay method. Superparamagnetism behaviour has been studied using a permanent bar ferro magnet.Results: The nanoparticles obtained have been characterized with various techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) analyses. These techniques showed that the formations of NZVI with an average size of 50 to 100 nm and also it was found to be hexagonal and spherical in shape. The obtained NZVI impregnated CNS exhibits better superparamagnetism phenomenon. The synthesized cashew nut shell impregnated NZVI had the potential to inhibit the bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Serratia marcescens.Conclusion: The synthesis process for NZVI nanoparticles impregnated CNS is simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. The synthesized NZVI impregnated CNS had the greater potential as effective growth inhibitors in the various microorganisms and this can be applied to the diverse pharmacological applications.Â

In silico and in vitro analysis of quorum quenching active phytochemicals from the ethanolic extract of medicinal plants against quorum sensing mediated virulence factors of Acinetobacter baumannii

Inhibition of quorum sensing called quorum quenching (QQ) is now extensively utilized in the prevention of bacterial infections. In the present study, in silico and in vitro analysis of quorum quenching (QQ) or anti-Quorum sensing (QS) activity of ethanolic extract of medicinal plants against QS mediated virulence factors of human pathogenic bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii has been investigated. The effect of plant extracts on QS by acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) has been carried out by quantification of secreted AHL by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Measurement of QQ activity was determined by maximum inhibition of virulence factors and AHL production which was recorded in E. globules and A. indica extracts. In silico analysis was studied with possible bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of respective plant material that were characterized by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectroscopy (GCMS) against the enzyme responsible for the production of signaling molecule which mediates QS AHL synthase. Distinct reduction of all the QS-mediated virulence factors was recorded in the E. globules and A. indica. Among the different bioactive compounds, the ethanolic leaf extract of E. globules of GCMS analyzed compound, Hexadeconoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl), 1, 2-ethannediyl ester interacted with 1KZF protein (AHL synthase) and showed binding energy of −11.2 kcal/mol to MET 42 and TYR 54. Phytochemicals mediated inhibition of AHL synthase activity which was responsible for AHL production would suggest the possible utilization of plant extracts as an antibacterial agent to fight against disease-causing pathogenic bacteria

PROTEINACEOUS COMPOUNDS FROM FRAGARIA ANANASSA FRUIT ATTENUATES PARAQUAT INDUCED PARKINSON LIKE LOCOMOTOR AND MITOCHONDRIAL ALTERATIONS IN ZEBRAFISH

Objectives: To assess the Parkinson like locomotor and mitochondrial alterations, associated with the exposure of paraquat (PQ), in vivo preventive effect of proteinaceous compounds extracted from Fragaria ananassa fruit (FA-D) against mitochondrial dysfunction induced by paraquat in zebra fish using brain mitochondria.Methods: Parkinson like locomotor and mitochondrial alterations were resulted by intra peritoneal administration of 55 mM PQ alternatively for a period of 7 days. The water soluble proteinaceous compounds from Fragaria ananassa fruit were obtained by Ammonium sulphate fractionation. The molecular weight of FA-D fraction was determined by SDS-PAGE and we found three distinct bands at 20.0 kDa, 17.0 kDa and 14.4.0 kDa bands respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity and the in vivo preventive effect of FA-D against PQ induced Parkinsonian symptoms was evaluated by different assay systems viz., in vitro: radical scavenging activity by DPPH reaction and in vivo: locomotion, dopamine levels, complex-I activity, mitochondrial ROS levels, cytochrome c release and mitochondrial morphology.Results: The results show that paraquat altered locomotor activity and increased dopamine levels. Mitochondria isolated from paraquat treated zebrafish showed a marked inhibition of complex-I activity, increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mt ROS) and cytochrome c release and disintegration of mitochondrial structure. Treatment of 0.25 mg/kg body weight of FA-D fraction once in alternative days, for 5 days subsequent to the administration of PQ alternatively for a period of 7days, substantially reduced mt ROS levels and markedly restored the complex-I activity, cytochrome c release and mitochondrial morphology.Conclusion: The results strongly suggest that proteinaceous compounds from Fragaria ananassa fruit recuperate paraquat induced Parkinsonian like symptoms by protecting the mitochondria.Â