Team Reasoning: Theory and Evidence

The chapter reviews recent theoretical and empirical developments concerning the theory of team reasoning in game theoretic interactions

Team reasoning and a measure of mutual advantage in games

The game theoretic notion of best-response reasoning is sometimes criticized when its application produces multiple solutions of games, some of which seem less compelling than others. The recent development of the theory of team reasoning addresses this by suggesting that interacting players in games may sometimes reason as members of a team – a group of individuals who act together in the attainment of some common goal. A number of properties have been suggested for team-reasoning decision-makers’ goals to satisfy, but a few formal representations have been discussed. In this paper we suggest a possible representation of these goals based on the notion of mutual advantage. We propose a method for measuring extents of individual and mutual advantage to the interacting decision-makers, and define team interests as the attainment of outcomes associated with maximum mutual advantage in the games they play

Polish Military Assistance to Its Ally, the Ukrainian People’s Republic, in 1920

As part of a political agreement regulating Poland’s relations with the Ukrainian People’s Republic signed in Warsaw on April 21, 1920, the Polish side officially recognized the UPR’s government with Simon Petlura at its head and committed itself to help the UPR form Ukrainian troops on the Polish territory. The paper discusses the details of the concluded agreement and the manner and conditions of its subsequent implementation.As part of a political agreement regulating Poland’s relations with the Ukrainian People’s Republic signed in Warsaw on April 21, 1920, the Polish side officially recognized the UPR’s government with Simon Petlura at its head and committed itself to help the UPR form Ukrainian troops on the Polish territory. The paper discusses the details of the concluded agreement and the manner and conditions of its subsequent implementation

Implementation of directive 2008/50/EC of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe in Polish environmental law

Implementation of directive 2008/50/EC of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe in Polish environmental la

The notion of 'Nature conservation body' in Polish Nature conservation law, its types and competences

The aim of the article is the review of currently binding legal solutions concerning the organization of nature conservation administrative bodies in Poland. The task of nature conservation in Poland is accomplished by a great number of entities, which vary in the scope of their status, rules of action and given competences. The review of legal solutions in the article has been limited to the structure of 'nature conservation body' as defined by the Polish nature conservation law. The analysis of legal state de lege lata in this matter will allow to formulate assessments concerning the correctness of legal principles. The main criterion of conducted assessment will be the efficiency of nature conservation bodies in providing the right level of nature conservation in Poland

New developments of the EU circular economy policy and their impact on EU waste law

The concepts of ‘green economy’ and ‘sustain¬able consumption and production’ determine the direction of political and legal changes as the goals of the 2030 Agenda followed also by the European Union and its Member States.‘Circular economy’ as an element of those con¬cepts includes waste management and is a vital element of EU environmental policy. Turning waste into resources presents a multidimensional challenge. In the years 2015–2018, the European Commission conducted works on the changes in the community law on waste which will enable the enforcement of ‘circular economy’ goals. In May 2018, four directives which will significantly remodel the obligations of Member States in the scope of waste management were enacted. Also in 2018, the Commission announced new proposals, as well as law changes, emphasizing the problem of plastic waste

The new Polish Act on Waste of 2012

The aim of this paper is the description of changes in the Polish law on waste connected with the passing and the implementation of the new main act for this branch of law, i.e. the Act on Waste of 14 December 2012. By means of this Act the Polish law on waste is being amended to the requirements resulting from the Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. The description of the new Polish Act on Waste was presented, on the one hand, by the indication of new solutions resulting from the Directive 2008/98. On the other hand, the changes in comparison with the former binding act, i.e. the Act on Waste of 27 April 2001, were presented

The ‘ecosystem services’ concept in environmental law

Karpus, K. (2017). The ‘ecosystem services’ concept in environmental law. J. Agribus. Rural Dev., 4(46), 779–786The purpose of this study is to introduce the ‘ecosystem services’ concept from the legal perspective, which so far has not attracted as much attention in the Polish scientific community as analyses focused on natural and economic aspects. The concept is strongly promoted as a part of biodiversity and water protection measures which are issues of key importance for the agriculture. This means the agriculture sector will be the first to be affected by legal loopholes in this area. The analysis includes a general attempt to identify the legal grounds for the term and concept of ‘ecosystem services’ as well as the assessment of the current state of the Polish legislator’s works on this matter. At the same time, a confrontation of this concept’s theoretical grounds with the underpinning values of environmental law (especially with the ‘polluter pays’ principle) allows to detail the part of this concept (positive externalities of ecosystem services and PES) which currently poses a real challenge for the Polish legislator and requires a redefinition of current directions for specifying the environmental rights and obligations

Legal protection of landscape in Poland in the light of the Act of 24 April 2015 amending certain acts in relation to strengthening landscape protection instruments

Landscape as an element of the environment is the subject of legal protection. However, the Polish legislator had a number of problems defining the notion of ‘landscape’. As a result, landscape was subject to dispersed, inconsistent and uncoordinated protection. The new Act of 24 April 2015 aimed to help the Polish legislator to provide more effective protection of that natural element, i.e. landscape. The aim of this work is to present the new legal situation. However, because of the enormous scope of new regulations, the analysis shows above all the changes introduced by the Act of 2004 on Nature Conservation, the Act of 2003 on Spatial Planning and Management, and the Act of 2003 on Monuments Protection and Maintenance. The analysis is preceded by a brief description of landscape protection in Poland in the period before the new legal regulations came into force.Krajobraz jako element środowiska stanowi przedmiot ochrony prawnej. Jednakże zdefiniowanie pojęcia „krajobrazu” sprawiało polskiemu ustawodawcy szereg trudności. Skutkowało to objęciem krajobrazu ochroną rozproszoną, niejednolitą, nieskoordynowaną we właściwym stopniu. Nowa ustawa z 24 kwietnia 2015 r. miała pomóc ustawodawcy polskiemu w zapewnieniu skuteczniejszej ochrony tego elementu przyrodniczego, jakim jest krajobraz. Celem opracowania jest omówienie nowego stanu prawnego, przy czym z uwagi na niezwykle szeroki zakres nowych przepisów, szczegółowej analizie poddane zostały przede wszystkim zmiany w wprowadzone w: ustawie z 2004 r. o ochronie przyrody, ustawie z 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym oraz ustawie z 2003 r. o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami. Omówienie to poprzedzone zostało krótką charakterystyką ochrony krajobrazu w Polsce w okresie przed wejściem w życie nowych rozwiązań prawnych

Editor’s note

Editor’s note - PYEL 201