Herbal Remedies And Their Adverse Effects In Tem Tribe Traditional Medicine In Togo

In Africa, up to 80% of the population relies on herbal concoctions for their primarily health care. In Togo, western Africa, Tem tribe is a population with old knowledge of medicinal plants, however, still very little is known about their medical practices. The present study was conducted to access for the apprehension of adverse effects of traditional remedies by Tem traditional healers (TH). Enquiry was performed by interviews with healers from August to October 2007 in Tchaoudjo prefecture (Togo). The study allowed us to interview 54 TH including 41(75.93%) males and 13(24.07%) females, who cited 102 recipes assumed to have adverse effects. The recipes were used alone to cure several diseases including haemorrhoids (22.55%), female sexual disorders and infertility (21.57%), gastrointestinal disorders (18.63%), and malaria (6.86%). A total of 34 plants belonging to 21 families were cited to be components of the recipes. Euphorbiaceae and Mimosaceae families were the most represented, however, Nauclea latifolia, Khaya senegalensis, Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Xeroderris stuhlmannii were the main components of recipes linked to adverse effects. A total of 20 adverse effects were linked to the administration of theses drugs, and among them; diarrhoea, abdominal pains, polyuria, general weakness and vomiting were the most frequently encountered. These findings were in accordance with several reports of the literature concerning medicinal plants, although they were based on empirical observations. Laboratory screenings are needed to access for the effectiveness as well as the possible toxic effects of the recipes. Keywords: traditional concoctions, medicinal plants, adverse effects, Togo

Molecular characterization of high-risk humanpapillomavirus genotypes in women with or without cervical lesions at VIA/VILI in Kara, Togo

Background: Persistent infection with high-risk (HR) papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes plays a central role in the pathogenesis of invasive cervical cancer. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of HR-HPV among women with or without cervical lesions at VIA/VILI in Togo. Methods: Cervical samples were collected from 238 women with or without cervical lesions at VIA / VILI and[c3] DNA [c4]was extracted and analyzed by real-time multiplex PCR. Logistic regression analysis was used to determined risk factors associated with HPV infection. inPietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Center (CERBA / LABIOGENE) in Burkina Faso. Results: The age of the women ranged from 17 to 61 years old, and most were married (73.5%). The prevalence of HRHPV was 35.71% and this was higher in the age range 35-39 years. The six most common genotypes were HPV 31 (18.7%), HPV 52 (13.82%), HPV 68 (13.01%), HPV 66 (9.76%), HPV 58 (8.13%) and HPV 56 (8.13%). Genotypes HPV 18 (4.07%)and HPV 16 (0.81%) were less frequent.[c5] Married or living with a partner was associated with HPV infection ( OR=2,17, IC [1.20-3.91], p<0,009). Conclusion: This study allowed characterizing for the first time in Togo, HR-HPV genotypes. This will help mappingHR-HPV genotypes circulating in West Africa. Keywords: Human papillomavirus; High-risk; Genotyping; Kara; Togo

Herbal remedies and their adverse effects in tem tribe traditional medicine in Togo

Abstract In Africa, up to 80% of the population relies on herbal concoctions for their primarily health care. In Togo, western Africa, Tem tribe is a population with old knowledge of medicinal plants, however, still very little is known about their medical practices. The present study was conducted to access for the apprehension of adverse effects of traditional remedies by Tem traditional healers (TH). Enquiry was performed by interviews with healers from August to October 2007 in Tchaoudjo prefecture (Togo). The study allowed us to interview 54 TH including 41(75.93%) males and 13(24.07%) females, who cited 102 recipes assumed to have adverse effects. The recipes were used alone to cure several diseases including haemorrhoids (22.55%), female sexual disorders and infertility (21.57%), gastrointestinal disorders (18.63%), and malaria (6.86%). A total of 34 plants belonging to 21 families were cited to be components of the recipes. Euphorbiaceae and Mimosaceae families were the most represented, however, Nauclea latifolia, Khaya senegalensis, Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Xeroderris stuhlmannii were the main components of recipes linked to adverse effects. A total of 20 adverse effects were linked to the administration of theses drugs, and among them; diarrhoea, abdominal pains, polyuria, general weakness and vomiting were the most frequently encountered. These findings were in accordance with several reports of the literature concerning medicinal plants, although they were based on empirical observations. Laboratory screenings are needed to access for the effectiveness as well as the possible toxic effects of the recipes

The use of phylogeny to interpret cross-cultural patterns in plant use and guide medicinal plant discovery: an example from Pterocarpus (Leguminosae)

The study of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants has led to discoveries that have helped combat diseases and improve healthcare. However, the development of quantitative measures that can assist our quest for new medicinal plants has not greatly advanced in recent years. Phylogenetic tools have entered many scientific fields in the last two decades to provide explanatory power, but have been overlooked in ethnomedicinal studies. Several studies show that medicinal properties are not randomly distributed in plant phylogenies, suggesting that phylogeny shapes ethnobotanical use. Nevertheless, empirical studies that explicitly combine ethnobotanical and phylogenetic information are scarce.In this study, we borrowed tools from community ecology phylogenetics to quantify significance of phylogenetic signal in medicinal properties in plants and identify nodes on phylogenies with high bioscreening potential. To do this, we produced an ethnomedicinal review from extensive literature research and a multi-locus phylogenetic hypothesis for the pantropical genus Pterocarpus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae). We demonstrate that species used to treat a certain conditions, such as malaria, are significantly phylogenetically clumped and we highlight nodes in the phylogeny that are significantly overabundant in species used to treat certain conditions. These cross-cultural patterns in ethnomedicinal usage in Pterocarpus are interpreted in the light of phylogenetic relationships.This study provides techniques that enable the application of phylogenies in bioscreening, but also sheds light on the processes that shape cross-cultural ethnomedicinal patterns. This community phylogenetic approach demonstrates that similar ethnobotanical uses can arise in parallel in different areas where related plants are available. With a vast amount of ethnomedicinal and phylogenetic information available, we predict that this field, after further refinement of the techniques, will expand into similar research areas, such as pest management or the search for bioactive plant-based compounds

In vitro antiradical and antibacterial properties of Acanthospermum and Euphorbia species plants-based recipe

A urinary infection corresponds to the aggression of the tissues of the urinary shaft by one or more microorganisms generating an inflammatory response and signs or symptoms of variable nature and intensity. Urinary tract infections are the first bacterial infections in order of frequency and are therefore a major public health problem.Objective: To investigate the antiradical and antibacterial properties of a recipe used in traditional medicine in Togo for the treatment of Urinary Tract Infections. Material and methods: The recipe is composed of three plants in the proportion of 35% of Acanthospermum hispidum DC. , 30% of Euphorbia hirta L. and 35% of Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. The antioxidant property was evaluated using the phosphomolybdenum reduction with ascorbic acid as standard antioxidant.Results: The antibacterial activities were evaluated on 31 pathogenic bacteria isolated from urine. Escherichia coli was the most isolated bacteria strain in infected urines with 64.51 % as yield. The result showed that the hydroethanolic extract of the recipe possesses an antioxidant activity to the order of 31.17 mg EAA/g of extract. By using the butanol/HCl assay with catechin like standard flavones, we found that the extract contains proanthocyanidines evaluated to 0.87% mg EC/g of extract. The result of the antibacterial activity using microdilution assay showed efficacy yield of 91.17%. The MIC and MBC were including between 25 mg/ml - 50 mg/ml for the sensitive bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the hydroethanolic extract of the recipe may be probably due to phenolic content. The result showed a content of total polyphénolic compounds of 20.63 mgEAG/g of extract.Conclusion: The results revealed that the recipe is endowed with antibacterial activity. The hydro-ethanolic extract of the recipe inhibits to varying degrees the in vitro growth of bacterial strains isolated from urine. It contains a high content of total polyphenols and exerts an average antiradical activity. These results constitute a scientific justification for the traditional use of this remedy, and serve for a database that could guide the development of new drugs in the treatment of urinary tract infections. However, they remain insufficient for a better use of the remedy. It would therefore be essential to assess the toxicity of the combination, carry out a bioguided fractionation of the extracts from the recipe, and determine therapeutic doses and making an ethical phytomedicine.Keywords: Urinary Tract Infections, antibacterial, antioxidant, polyphenols, plant

Infections vaginales chez les femmes enceintes dans la ville de Lome (Togo) : a propos de 302 cas reçus a l’institut national d’hygiene

Dans le but d’évaluer la prévalence des germes responsables des infections génitales chez les femmes enceintes au Togo, une étude prospective a été menée à l’Institut National d’Hygiène de Lomé de juin à septembre 2011. Elle a concerné 302 femmes enceintes, âgées de14 à 45 ans. Les résultats ont montré une prédominance de la vaginite à Candida ssp (36,46%) et de la vaginose à Gardnerella vaginalis (30,21%). Vingt (20) cas de co-infections ont été rapportés soit une fréquence de 27,30% avec une prédominance de la co-infection Gardnerella vaginalis/levures. Les germes isolés et la co-infection étaient statistiquement liés à l’âge de la grossesse et le Streptococcus agalactiae n’était isolé que chez les femmes enceintes reçues au 1er trimestre. Seulement 1% des patientes avait une séropositivité pour la syphilis. La sérologie toxoplasmique et la sérologie chlamydienne ont été positives dans 26,67% et 37,05% des cas respectivement. Ces résultats devraient susciter des études visant à évaluer l’incidence des infections génitales sur le pronostic de l’accouchement et sur la santé du nouveau-né.Mots clés : Infections génitales, femmes enceintes, toxoplasmose, syphilis, chlamydia,Togo

Activite antimicrobienne de Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell (celastraceae), une plante de la medecine traditionnelle du Togo

Maytenus senegalensis est une plante employée par les populations des régions intertropicales à des fins thérapeutiques surtout pour le traitement des maladies infectieuses. Ce travail a consisté à testé l’activité inhibitrice de croissance des extraits de l’écorce de racines de Maytenus senegalensis sur 4 microorganismes : Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. et Candida albicans. Ainsi des écorces de racines ont été utilisées pour effectuer des extractions successives avec un système de solvant à polarité croissante. Les tests antimicrobiens ont été réalisés par la méthode de dilution en milieu liquide couplée à l’étalement. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une activité inhibitrice intéressante de la plante. Cependant l’ampleur de l’action inhibitrice a été fonction du type d’extrait et du germe microbien. Les taux d’inhibition enregistrés avec 5mg/ml d’extrait ont varié entre 92% et 100% pour S. aureus, de 25% à près de 100% pour Salmonella spp. et est presque nul pour E. coli. Candida albicans a été inhibé à près de 90% par l’extrait aqueux et à 100% par les extraits au butanol et au chloroforme. Les valeurs de la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) déterminées ont été de 1,25 mg/ml de l’extrait à l’eau pour S. aureus et 0,625mg/ml de l’extrait au butanol pour C. albicans. Nos résultats montrent ainsi que M. senegalensis possède des propriétés antimicrobiennes, justifiant en partie l’usage traditionnel de cette plante dans les affections microbiennes.Mots clés : Maytenus senegalensis, extraits, antimicrobiens, microorganismes. Antimicrobial activity of maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) exell (celastraceae), a medicinal plant from Togo.Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell (Celastraceae) is a plant widely used in the folk medicine in Togo for the treatment of several diseases including microbial infections. The present study was aimed at  investigating the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of the bark of the plants. Antimicrobial assays was assayed using broth dilution and agar diffusion assays on several microbial strains including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Candida albicans. The results revealed microbial growth inhibitions in the range of 92 to 100% for S. aureus, 25 to 100% for Salmonella spp. and 90 to 100% for C. albicans for 5mg/ml extract. All the extracts failed in the inhibition of E. coli. The recorded MIC were 1.25 mg/ml for aqueous extract on S. aureus and 0.625mg/ml for butanol extract on C. albicans. These results partially justified the use of the plant in the traditional medicine for the treatment of microbial infections.Key words: Maytenus senegalensis, extracts, antimicrobials, microorganism