Effect of organic farming on soil microbiological parameters

All over the world, including Poland, interest in the organic farming is growing. It is based on an attempt to minimize human impact on the environment while maintaining the natural functionality and productivity of the agricultural system. At the same time, every human activity in the natural environment results in greater or lesser changes in the soil ecosystem. Organic farming also has an impact on physical and chemical parameters and soil biological activity. These changes should be monitored and considered in the context of long-term land management. This review focuses on the impact of the organic farming system on soil biological activity and diversity of soil microorganisms

Activity and Variety of Soil Microorganisms Depending on the Diversity of the Soil Tillage System

Soil is an ecosystem capable of producing the resources necessary for the development of the living organisms. Soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) are responsible for biomass decomposition, biogenic element circulation, which makes nutrients available to plants, biodegradation of impurities, and maintenance of soil structure. The presence of microorganisms in soil depends on their chemical composition, moisture, pH, and structure. Human activity has an indispensable influence on the formation of ecosystems. Soil tillage has an impact on the chemical and physical parameters of the soil, and thus on its biological properties. The use of inappropriate agro-technology can lead to degradation of the soil environment. Changes in soil properties may cause changes in soil abundance, activity, and diversity. Cultivation can affect microorganisms, causing their mortality and reducing the availability of nourishment in the soil. Therefore, it is extremely important to assess the diversity and microbiological activity of soil in relation to soil-tillage technology

Activity of Dehydrogenases as an Indicator of Soil Environment Quality

Activity of dehydrogenases (DHs) indicates the presence of viable and physiologically active (physiologically active or physiological activity) microorganisms. Their presence (activity) in soil is correlated with the content of organic carbon, microorganisms, nitrifying activity and microbial respiration. Determination of DHs activity allows to control changes in soil microbial population and is considered as an important parameter of soil quality. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different farming systems on the enzymatic activity in soil under winter wheat. The research was conducted in the years 2014–2016 on long-term field experiment under two different farming systems (ecological and conventional) at the IUNG (PIB) Experimental Station located in Osiny (Lublin Voivodeship), Poland. Each farming system differs in crop rotation system and whole agrotechnics, which have been adapted to its specificity. Determination of DHs activity was performed using Casida et al.’s (1964) method with modifications. Measured DHs activity was expressed in milligrams of triphenyl formazan (TPF) per 100 g of soil within 24 hours. The results showed that ecological farming system beneficially influenced soil environment.

Reverse drug distribution chain : analysis of the phenomenon

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to consider the mechanism of the reverse drug distribution chain as a non-code provision, introducing a type of act prohibited by the provisions of article 126b of Pharmaceutical Law. The article aims to analyse this practice, changes in the legal system and its consequences from the perspective of the economic problem and of protection of the health and life of citizens.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The article focuses on the analysis of statistical data and the legal regulations in force in Poland governing the discussed phenomenon.FINDINGS: The conducted analysis of the reverse drug distribution chain phenomenon shows that there is still a lack of effective solutions to minimise the occurring illegal practice, however, given the serious consequences for society, prosecution of this proceeding is absolutely necessary.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: An analysis of the phenomenon of the reverse drug distribution chain, carried out in this article, makes it possible to draw conclusions as to whether the solutions and methods used to deal with the discussed procedure are purposeful and justified. In the assessment of the collected material, it can be concluded that although the current shape of specific solutions raises doubts, the introduction of changes to the legal system in the discussed scope is necessary and, over time, will allow for an effective solution to the problem.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The conducted analysis is an original scientific study presenting a detailed description of the phenomenon of the reverse drug distribution chain and methods for its eradication.peer-reviewe

Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Enterography Findings and Clinical Index of the Disease Activity Score in Crohn\u27s Disease

Introduction Crohn\u27s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. It usually affects younger people, with the peak of illness between the age of 15 and 25. MR enterography (MRE) is a proven and reliable modality in the evaluation of the lesion extent within this group of patients

Enzymatic activity as a popular parameter used to determine the quality of the soil environment

In the soil environment, there are many enzymeswhose origin is related to microorganisms. Enzymes participatein the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, they are also elementsof the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. They alsoplay a role in less known cycles, such as the sulphur cycle orcellulose decomposition. Determination of soil enzymes activityis very popular in microbiology, biochemistry and agriculturalsciences. Their activity may be a measure of soil fertility. Thepresent report describes the importance of selected soil enzymesand the methods of their determination. However, it is importantto remember that a single enzyme cannot be an indicator of theenvironment. The enzymatic activity is sensitive to many naturaland anthropogenic factors affecting soil microorganisms. Onlycomprehensive researchers on the activity of many, different enzymescan provide reliable information on the state of the soilenvironment

Fungal community change in selected fluvisols under simulated flooding condition

The soil mycobiome is an important part of the numerous biogeochemical processes taking place in the soil. Its activity and diversity are influenced by many factors, including soil moisture. In this study, the effect of a 14-day simulated flood on the mycobiome of three different Fluvisols in microcosm experiment was assessed using next-generation sequencing. The results obtained showed that excessive moisture alters the structure of the mycobiome and the amounts of pathogenic, parasitic, and endophytic fungi. Among others, an increase in the occurrence of saprotrophic fungi of the genera Trichoderma, Talaromyces, and Schizothecium was noted. At the same time, the study showeda decrease in the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota as a result of flooding. In addition, the structure of the soil mycobiome has been shown to be closely related to soil type – statistically significant correlations of individual fungal genera with the clay and silt or sand content of the soil were obtained. Future research on the soil mycobiome under flooding conditions may help to understand changes in soil biogeochemical processes following flooding, the occurrence of which is increasing with climate change

The Response of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) to Separate and Mixed Inoculations with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Azospirillum brasilense in Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of co-inoculation Rhizobium sp. and Azospirillum sp. on plant (Trifolium pratense L.) growth in the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination (anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene). Eight strains from the genus Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii were selected for biotest analysis. Two methods of inoculation were used in the chamber experiment: (1) R. leguminosarum alone and (2) a combined inoculant (R. leguminosarum and Azospirillum brasilense). For comparison, non-contaminated controls were also used. The results demonstrated that co-inoculation of plants with Rhizobium and Azospirillum resulted in more root and shoot biomass than in plants inoculated with R. leguminosarum alone. The results indicated that application of a co-inoculation of bacteria from Rhizobium and Azospirillum species had a positive effect on clover nodulation and growth under the condition of PAH contamination

The Influence of Human Agricultural Activities on the Quality of Selected Fluvisols from the Vistula River Valley, Poland—Preliminary Research

Studies on the impact of human agricultural activities on the soil microbiome and soil quality are extremely important, but such studies on floodplains in river valleys are lacking. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the impact of blackcurrant cultivation on Fluvisols located in the Vistula River valley (Poland). The dehydrogenases (DHa) and phosphatases (acid-AcP, and alkaline-AlP) activities, carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) contents of the microbial biomass, the metabolic potential of the microbial community (EcoPlate™ Biolog) and taxonomic diversity of the soil microbiome were determined (next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S rRNA gene). Enzymatic activity and metabolic potential and diversity (EcoPlate™) were higher in the soils from meadows, but MBC and MBN and biodiversity indices derived from NGS were higher in the cultivated soils. It can be confirmed that human activities affect the physicochemical, biological and microbiological parameters of Fluvisols. This may indicate that microorganisms are numerically more abundant and taxonomically more diverse in the cultivated soils, but are more active in the soils from meadows