467 research outputs found
Using Scaffolding Technique to Improve the Speaking Skill of the Second Semester Students of English Department
Ada anggapan bahwa pengetahuan kebahasaan seseorang diukur dari kemampuan berbicara. Berbicara adalah sarana yang mendasar dalam komunikasi manusia, demikian juga mahasiswa Bahasa Inggris, mereka juga dituntut untuk bisa berbicara dalam Bahasa Inggris dengan baik. Parameter seorang pembelajar Bahasa Inggris adalah kemampuannya berbicara secara lancar. Namun Kenyataan menunjukkan bahwa banyak pembelajar yang tidak bisa berbicara dengan tepat dan lancar walaupun sudah belajar selama 6 tahun.Capaian ketrampilan berbicara pembelajar dipengaruhi beberapa faktor, yaitu faktor eksternal dan internal. Motivasi adalah satu dari faktor internal yang berperan penting dalam kesuksesan belajar. Faktor yang berikutnya adalah teknik yang digunakan oleh guru.Scaffolding adalah suatu jembatan yang menghubungkan pengetahuan yang dimiliki dengan hal yang belum diketahui. Jika dilaksanakan dengan baik, scaffolding akan menjadi daya yang memicu pembelajar untuk menguasai sesuatu. Dalam proses ini pembimbing memfasilitasi pembelajar untuk menguasai konsep yang tidak dapat dikuasai pembelajar. Pembimbing tidak hanya memberikan bantuan tetapi juga harus sebisa mungkin memberikan kebebasan bagi pembelajar untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas secara mandiri. Ketika pembelajar sudah bisa bertanggung jawab atau menyelesaikan suatu tugas secara mandiri, maka pembimbing secara bertahap menjauh dan memberikan kebebasan untuk belajar secara mandiri.
Phase-Field Formulation for Quantitative Modeling of Alloy Solidification
A phase-field formulation is introduced to simulate quantitatively
microstructural pattern formation in alloys. The thin-interface limit of this
formulation yields a much less stringent restriction on the choice of interface
thickness than previous formulations and permits to eliminate non-equilibrium
effects at the interface. Dendrite growth simulations with vanishing solid
diffusivity show that both the interface evolution and the solute profile in
the solid are well resolved
Phase-field modeling of microstructural pattern formation during directional solidification of peritectic alloys without morphological instability
During the directional solidification of peritectic alloys, two stable solid
phases (parent and peritectic) grow competitively into a metastable liquid
phase of larger impurity content than either solid phase. When the parent or
both solid phases are morphologically unstable, i.e., for a small temperature
gradient/growth rate ratio (), one solid phase usually outgrows and
covers the other phase, leading to a cellular-dendritic array structure closely
analogous to the one formed during monophase solidification of a dilute binary
alloy. In contrast, when is large enough for both phases to be
morphologically stable, the formation of the microstructurebecomes controlled
by a subtle interplay between the nucleation and growth of the two solid
phases. The structures that have been observed in this regime (in small samples
where convection effect are suppressed) include alternate layers (bands) of the
parent and peritectic phases perpendicular to the growth direction, which are
formed by alternate nucleation and lateral spreading of one phase onto the
other as proposed in a recent model [R. Trivedi, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 26, 1
(1995)], as well as partially filled bands (islands), where the peritectic
phase does not fully cover the parent phase which grows continuously. We
develop a phase-field model of peritectic solidification that incorporates
nucleation processes in order to explore the formation of these structures.
Simulations of this model shed light on the morphology transition from islands
to bands, the dynamics of spreading of the peritectic phase on the parent phase
following nucleation, which turns out to be characterized by a remarkably
constant acceleration, and the types of growth morphology that one might expect
to observe in large samples under purely diffusive growth conditions.Comment: Final version, minor revisions, 16 pages, 14 EPS figures, RevTe
Eutectic Colony Formation: A Stability Analysis
Experiments have widely shown that a steady-state lamellar eutectic
solidification front is destabilized on a scale much larger than the lamellar
spacing by the rejection of a dilute ternary impurity and forms two-phase cells
commonly referred to as `eutectic colonies'. We extend the stability analysis
of Datye and Langer for a binary eutectic to include the effect of a ternary
impurity. We find that the expressions for the critical onset velocity and
morphological instability wavelength are analogous to those for the classic
Mullins-Sekerka instability of a monophase planar interface, albeit with an
effective surface tension that depends on the geometry of the lamellar
interface and, non-trivially, on interlamellar diffusion. A qualitatively new
aspect of this instability is the occurence of oscillatory modes due to the
interplay between the destabilizing effect of the ternary impurity and the
dynamical feedback of the local change in lamellar spacing on the front motion.
In a transient regime, these modes lead to the formation of large scale
oscillatory microstructures for which there is recent experimental evidence in
a transparent organic system. Moreover, it is shown that the eutectic front
dynamics on a scale larger than the lamellar spacing can be formulated as an
effective monophase interface free boundary problem with a modified
Gibbs-Thomson condition that is coupled to a slow evolution equation for the
lamellar spacing. This formulation provides additional physical insights into
the nature of the instability and a simple means to calculate an approximate
stability spectrum. Finally, we investigate the influence of the ternary
impurity on a short wavelength oscillatory instability that is already present
at off-eutectic compositions in binary eutectics.Comment: 26 pages RevTex, 14 figures (28 EPS files); some minor changes;
references adde
Spiral surface growth without desorption
Spiral surface growth is well understood in the limit where the step motion
is controlled by the local supersaturation of adatoms near the spiral ridge. In
epitaxial thin-film growth, however, spirals can form in a step-flow regime
where desorption of adatoms is negligible and the ridge dynamics is governed by
the non-local diffusion field of adatoms on the whole surface. We investigate
this limit numerically using a phase-field formulation of the
Burton-Cabrera-Frank model, as well as analytically. Quantitative predictions,
which differ strikingly from those of the local limit, are made for the
selected step spacing as a function of the deposition flux, as well as for the
dependence of the relaxation time to steady-state growth on the screw
dislocation density.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, RevTe
Phase-Field Approach for Faceted Solidification
We extend the phase-field approach to model the solidification of faceted
materials. Our approach consists of using an approximate gamma-plot with
rounded cusps that can approach arbitrarily closely the true gamma-plot with
sharp cusps that correspond to faceted orientations. The phase-field equations
are solved in the thin-interface limit with local equilibrium at the
solid-liquid interface [A. Karma and W.-J. Rappel, Phys. Rev. E53, R3017
(1996)]. The convergence of our approach is first demonstrated for equilibrium
shapes. The growth of faceted needle crystals in an undercooled melt is then
studied as a function of undercooling and the cusp amplitude delta for a
gamma-plot of the form 1+delta(|sin(theta)|+|cos(theta)|). The phase-field
results are consistent with the scaling law "Lambda inversely proportional to
the square root of V" observed experimentally, where Lambda is the facet length
and V is the growth rate. In addition, the variation of V and Lambda with delta
is found to be reasonably well predicted by an approximate sharp-interface
analytical theory that includes capillary effects and assumes circular and
parabolic forms for the front and trailing rough parts of the needle crystal,
respectively.Comment: 1O pages, 2 tables, 17 figure
Community-based study on knowledge, attitudes and perception of rabies in Gelephu, south-central Bhutan.
postprintCommunity knowledge, attitudes and practices are important both for prevention of human deaths due to rabies and for control of the disease in animals. This study was a cross-sectional survey investigating the level of community knowledge as well as attitudes and perceptions about rabies in Gelephu, south central Bhutan, a region endemic for rabies. A total of 615 household respondents were interviewed, of which 224 (36%) were males and 391 (64%) were females. The majority of the respondents had high level of knowledge, and attitude and perception of rabies, and has a positive attitude towards the prevention and control of rabies. Multivariable logistic regression model showed that better knowledge about rabies was predicted by gender, educational level and dog ownership status of the respondents, whilst health-seeking behaviours of animal bite injuries were predicted by dog ownership status, presence of children in the household and occupation of the respondents. The majority of the respondents believed that stray dogs are a problem in the community and felt that it was important to control the dog population in Gelephu. These findings also indicate that there exists a knowledge gap about rabies in the community that could be improved by creating an awareness education programme.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Perception, Rabies, Cross-sectional survey, Bhuta
Community-based study on knowledge, attitudes and perception of rabies in Gelephu, south-central Bhutan.
Community knowledge, attitudes and practices are important both for prevention of human deaths due to rabies and for control of the disease in animals. This study was a cross-sectional survey investigating the level of community knowledge as well as attitudes and perceptions about rabies in Gelephu, south central Bhutan, a region endemic for rabies. A total of 615 household respondents were interviewed, of which 224 (36%) were males and 391 (64%) were females. The majority of the respondents had high level of knowledge, and attitude and perception of rabies, and has a positive attitude towards the prevention and control of rabies. Multivariable logistic regression model showed that better knowledge about rabies was predicted by gender, educational level and dog ownership status of the respondents, whilst health-seeking behaviours of animal bite injuries were predicted by dog ownership status, presence of children in the household and occupation of the respondents. The majority of the respondents believed that stray dogs are a problem in the community and felt that it was important to control the dog population in Gelephu. These findings also indicate that there exists a knowledge gap about rabies in the community that could be improved by creating an awareness education programme. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Perception, Rabies, Cross-sectional survey, Bhuta
Multiscale Random-Walk Algorithm for Simulating Interfacial Pattern Formation
We present a novel computational method to simulate accurately a wide range
of interfacial patterns whose growth is limited by a large scale diffusion
field. To illustrate the computational power of this method, we demonstrate
that it can be used to simulate three-dimensional dendritic growth in a
previously unreachable range of low undercoolings that is of direct
experimental relevance.Comment: 4 pages RevTex, 6 eps figures; substantial changes in presentation,
but results and conclusions remain the sam
Theory of spiral wave dynamics in weakly excitable media: asymptotic reduction to a kinematic model and applications
In a weakly excitable medium, characterized by a large threshold stimulus,
the free end of an isolated broken plane wave (wave tip) can either rotate
(steadily or unsteadily) around a large excitable core, thereby producing a
spiral pattern, or retract causing the wave to vanish at boundaries. An
asymptotic analysis of spiral motion and retraction is carried out in this
weakly excitable large core regime starting from the free-boundary limit of the
reaction-diffusion models, valid when the excited region is delimited by a thin
interface. The wave description is shown to naturally split between the tip
region and a far region that are smoothly matched on an intermediate scale.
This separation allows us to rigorously derive an equation of motion for the
wave tip, with the large scale motion of the spiral wavefront slaved to the
tip. This kinematic description provides both a physical picture and exact
predictions for a wide range of wave behavior, including: (i) steady rotation
(frequency and core radius), (ii) exact treatment of the meandering instability
in the free-boundary limit with the prediction that the frequency of unstable
motion is half the primary steady frequency (iii) drift under external actions
(external field with application to axisymmetric scroll ring motion in
three-dimensions, and spatial or/and time-dependent variation of excitability),
and (iv) the dynamics of multi-armed spiral waves with the new prediction that
steadily rotating waves with two or more arms are linearly unstable. Numerical
simulations of FitzHug-Nagumo kinetics are used to test several aspects of our
results. In addition, we discuss the semi-quantitative extension of this theory
to finite cores and pinpoint mathematical subtleties related to the thin
interface limit of singly diffusive reaction-diffusion models
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