Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: a literature review,

AbstractObjectiveTo systematize information about vitamin E concentration in human milk and the variables associated with this composition in order to find possible causes of deficiency, supporting strategies to prevent it in postpartum women and infants.SourceStudies published between 2004 and 2014 that assayed alpha-tocopherol in human milk of healthy women by high performance liquid chromatography were evaluated. The keywords used were “vitamin E”, “alpha-tocopherol”, “milk, human”, “lactation”, and equivalents in Portuguese, in the BIREME, CAPES, PubMed, SciELO, ISI Web of Knowledge, HighWire Press, Ingenta, and Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations databases.Summary of the findingsOf the 41 publications found on the subject, 25 whose full text was available and met the inclusion criteria were selected. The alpha-tocopherol concentrations found in milk were similar in most populations studied. The variable phase of lactation was shown to influence vitamin E content in milk, which is reduced until the mature milk appears. Maternal variables parity, anthropometric nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and habitual dietary intake did not appear to affect the alpha-tocopherol levels in milk. However, the influence of the variables maternal age, gestational age, biochemical nutritional status in alpha-tocopherol, and maternal supplementation with vitamin E had conflicting results in the literature.ConclusionAlpha-tocopherol concentration in milk decreases during lactation, until the mature milk appears. To confirm the influence of some maternal and child variables on milk vitamin E content, further studies with adequate design are needed

Predição de frações digestíveis e valor energético de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais para bovinos Prediction of digestible fractions and energy value of agriculture and agroindustrial byproducts for bovines

Objetivou-se avaliar equações adotadas pelo NRC e Detmann para estimar o conteúdo energético de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais. Foram avaliados subprodutos de abacaxi, cacau, dendê, feijão, girassol, goiaba, mandioca casca, mandioca haste, mandioca rama, mamão, manga, maracujá, nabo e farelo de glúten de milho. Todos os animais receberam silagem de milho e mistura ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) para que as rações com os dois níveis de cada subproduto se mantivessem isonitrogenadas. Entre os modelos de predição da proteína bruta digestível (PBad), o modelo Detmann 2 apresentou diferença pelo teste de hipótese para nulidade conjunta (THNC), enquanto as estimativas pelos modelos NRC e Detmann 1 foram similares às obtidas pelas observações in vivo. Para extrato etéreo digestível (EEad), carboidratos não-fibrosos digestíveis (CNFad) e fibra em detergente neutro digestível (FDNd), as estimativas obtidas pelo modelo proposto pelo NRC diferiram, pelo teste de significância da hipótese de nulidade conjuntas, das observações in vivo e o melhor ajustamento foi obtido pelo modelo sugerido por Detmann, tendo como consequência, o valor. No entanto, entre todas as frações digestíveis, a FDNd foi a que apresentou maior dispersão dos pontos em relação à linha de equalidade. Os modelos NRC e Detmann podem ser considerados eficientes em predizer nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e energia digestivel (ED), pois as estimativas não diferem dos valores observados, contudo apresentam também grande dispersão dos pontos em relação à linha de equalidade. Recomenda-se usar os modelos propostos por Detmann para predizer as frações digestíveis da PB, EE e dos CNF em subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the equations adopted by the NRC and Detmann to estimate the energy content of agricultural and agroindustrial byproducts. It was evaluated byproducts of pineapple, cocoa, palm oil, beans, sunflower, guava, cassava bark, cassava stem, raw cassava, papaya, mango, passion fruit, turnip and corn gluten meal. All animals received corn silage and the mixture urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1) so rations with the two levels of each byproduct remained isonitrogenous. Among the models for digestible crude protein prediction (CPad), Detmann 2 model presented difference by the hypotheses test for joint null while estimates by the NRC and Detmann 1 models were similar to those obtained by in vivo observations. For digestible ether extract (EEad), digestible non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFCad) and digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFd), the estimates obtained by the model proposed by the NRC differed, by the test of significance of hypotheses of joint null, to in vitro observations and the best adjustment was obtained by the model suggested by Detmann, having as a consequence, the value. However, among all the digestible fractions, NDFd presented the greatest dispersion of points regarded to equality line. NRC and Detmann models can be considered as efficient in predicting total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) because the estimates do not differ from the observed values, however they also present great dispersion of the points regarded to equality line. It is recommended to use the models proposed by Detmann for predicting digestible fractions of crude protein, ether extract and non fibrous carbohydrates on agriculture and agroindustrial byproducts