Astyanax hastatus Myers, 1928 (Teleostei, Characidae): a new species complex within the genus Astyanax?

Four populations of Astyanax hastatus Myers 1928 from the Guapimirim River basin (Rio de Janeiro State) were analyzed and three distinct cytotypes identified. These cytotypes presented 2n = 50 chromosomes, with 4M+8SM+10ST+28A (Cytotype A), 8M+10SM+14ST+18A (Cytotype B), 6M+8SM+4ST+32A (Cytotype C) and scanty heterochromatin, mainly located throughout pericentromeric regions of several chromosomal pairs. No homologies with the As-51 satellite DNA were observed in the three cytotypes, although all of them presented multiple 18S rDNA sites, as detected by both silver nitrate staining and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization). The application of the term "species complex" in Astyanax is discussed from a cytotaxonomic viewpoint

Evolutionary studies in the Astyanax genus (Pisces, Characidae).

O gênero Astyanax é um dos mais especiosos da ordem Characiformes. Suas mais de 100 espécies distribuemse por praticamente toda a região Neotropical e habitam os mais diversos ambientes, como regiões montanhosas, trechos lóticos e leitos de rios, porções lênticas ou lagunares e nascentes. Durante cerca de trinta anos estes peixes têm sido alvo de estudos cromossômicos, que os caracterizaram como um grupo com grande diversidade citogenética. Recentemente, o advento de técnicas de citogenética molecular e de estudos empregando marcadores de DNA tem produzido novos dados sobre a biologia evolutiva do grupo, e possibilitado a revisitação de antigos problemas do gênero, como sua difícil classificação taxonômica. No presente trabalho buscouse a caracterização citogenética e a análise de segmentos do mtDNA (seqüências parciais das regiões dos genes ND2 e ATPase6/8) de diferentes espécies e populações de Astyanax, com a finalidade de contribuir para o reconhecimento de padrões e processos evolutivos no gênero. Foram analisados exemplares provenientes das bacias hidrográficas dos rios São Francisco, Tietê, Paranapanema, MogiGuaçu, Iguaçu, Paraíba do Sul, Ribeira de Iguape e Guapimirim. Os resultados forneceram panoramas filogeográficos e estabeleceram relações evolutivas entre as espécies analisadas, utilizando dados associados de duas classes diferentes de marcadores genéticos. Através da aplicação de técnicas citogenéticas clássicas e moleculares são apresentados dados cariotípicos de A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus, A. bockmanni, A. aff. fasciatus, A. hastatus, A. mexicanus e A. ribeirae. Nos estudos filogenéticos foram utilizadas, adicionalmente às seqüências das espécies acima citadas, dados provenientes de Astyanax sp.B, A. giton, A. intermedius, A. lacustris, A. aff. scabripinnis, Bryconamericus iheringii, Mimagoniatis microlepis e Roeboides occidentalis. Foram ainda incluídas nas análises seqüências do mtDNA de haplótipos diferentes de A. mexicanus e A. bimaculatus retirados da literatura. Para as diferentes populações amostradas dos grupos A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus e A. aff. fasciatus, foram efetuadas análises filogeográficas associadas a dados cromossômicos. As análises cromossômicas e moleculares do sistema de drenagem do Leste e de bacias circunvizinhas apresentadas no presente trabalho forneceram dados adicionais para o entendimento da biologia evolutiva do gênero Astyanax. iv Outra contribuição do presente estudo foi a inferência das relações evolutivas de algumas das mais bem estudadas espécies do gênero Astyanax, que a despeito da sua importância ecológica e de constituírem um modelo para estudos cromossômicos e evolutivos, ainda não apresentam estudos filogenéticos amplos. Ainda, a associação de dados cromossômicos e moleculares forneceu um panorama interessante sobre as relações evolutivas em algumas espécies do gênero, bem como sobre os processos e padrões evolutivos presentes nos Astyanax.Astyanax is one of the species-richest genera within the order Characiformes. More than 100 representatives are widespread throughout nearly all the Neotropical region, inhabiting an array of environments, such as mountain areas, lotic and lentic river portions, lake systems and headwaters. This fish group has been a target of chromosomal studies for over 30 years, showing a remarkable cytogenetic diversity. Recently, the advances in molecular cytogenetics and DNA marker studies have provided new data about the evolutionary biology in this group, allowing revisiting former issues in species of this genus, such as their problematic taxonomical classification. In the present work, we attempted to obtain a cytogenetic characterization and analyze mtDNA segments (partial sequences of the genes ND2 and ATPase6/8) of different species and populations of Astyanax, in order to identify the evolutionary patterns and processes within the genus. Specimens from São Francisco, Tietê, Paranapanema, Mogi-Guaçu, Iguaçu, Paraíba do Sul, Ribeira de Iguape and Guapimirim hydrographic basins were collected. The results revealed phylogeographic scenarios and enabled us to establish the evolutionary relationships among the analyzed species, by associating data from two distinct classes of genetic markers. Through classic and molecular cytogenetic techniques, we present karyotypic data in A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus, A. bockmanni, A. aff. fasciatus, A. hastatus, A. mexicanus and A. ribeirae. For the phylogenetic studies, we also used, besides those sequences of the species abovementioned, data from the species Astyanax sp.B, A. giton, A. intermedius, A. lacustris, A. aff. scabripinnis, Bryconamericus iheringii, Mimagoniatis microlepis e Roeboides occidentalis. In the mtDNA analyses, sequences from the mtDNA of A. aeneus, and different haplotypes of A. mexicanus and A. bimaculatus available in the literature were included as well. Phylogeographic analyses coupled with chromosomal data were performed for the distinct populational samples in the groups A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus and A. aff. fasciatus. Both molecular and chromosomal analyses along Eastern drainage systems and nearby basins carried out in the present work provided additional information to the understanding of the evolutionary biology in the genus Astyanax. Another contribution of the present work refers to the inference on the evolutionary vi relationships in some of the most intensively studied species in the genus Astyanax, that, despite of their ecological importance and their role as a model for chromosomal and evolutionary studies, still lack more complete phylogenetic approaches. Furthermore, the association between chromosomal and molecular data revealed an interesting panorama about the evolutionary relationships in some species of this genus, as well as the evolutionary processes and patterns identified within Astyanax

Evolutionary studies in the Astyanax genus (Pisces, Characidae).

O gênero Astyanax é um dos mais especiosos da ordem Characiformes. Suas mais de 100 espécies distribuemse por praticamente toda a região Neotropical e habitam os mais diversos ambientes, como regiões montanhosas, trechos lóticos e leitos de rios, porções lênticas ou lagunares e nascentes. Durante cerca de trinta anos estes peixes têm sido alvo de estudos cromossômicos, que os caracterizaram como um grupo com grande diversidade citogenética. Recentemente, o advento de técnicas de citogenética molecular e de estudos empregando marcadores de DNA tem produzido novos dados sobre a biologia evolutiva do grupo, e possibilitado a revisitação de antigos problemas do gênero, como sua difícil classificação taxonômica. No presente trabalho buscouse a caracterização citogenética e a análise de segmentos do mtDNA (seqüências parciais das regiões dos genes ND2 e ATPase6/8) de diferentes espécies e populações de Astyanax, com a finalidade de contribuir para o reconhecimento de padrões e processos evolutivos no gênero. Foram analisados exemplares provenientes das bacias hidrográficas dos rios São Francisco, Tietê, Paranapanema, MogiGuaçu, Iguaçu, Paraíba do Sul, Ribeira de Iguape e Guapimirim. Os resultados forneceram panoramas filogeográficos e estabeleceram relações evolutivas entre as espécies analisadas, utilizando dados associados de duas classes diferentes de marcadores genéticos. Através da aplicação de técnicas citogenéticas clássicas e moleculares são apresentados dados cariotípicos de A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus, A. bockmanni, A. aff. fasciatus, A. hastatus, A. mexicanus e A. ribeirae. Nos estudos filogenéticos foram utilizadas, adicionalmente às seqüências das espécies acima citadas, dados provenientes de Astyanax sp.B, A. giton, A. intermedius, A. lacustris, A. aff. scabripinnis, Bryconamericus iheringii, Mimagoniatis microlepis e Roeboides occidentalis. Foram ainda incluídas nas análises seqüências do mtDNA de haplótipos diferentes de A. mexicanus e A. bimaculatus retirados da literatura. Para as diferentes populações amostradas dos grupos A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus e A. aff. fasciatus, foram efetuadas análises filogeográficas associadas a dados cromossômicos. As análises cromossômicas e moleculares do sistema de drenagem do Leste e de bacias circunvizinhas apresentadas no presente trabalho forneceram dados adicionais para o entendimento da biologia evolutiva do gênero Astyanax. iv Outra contribuição do presente estudo foi a inferência das relações evolutivas de algumas das mais bem estudadas espécies do gênero Astyanax, que a despeito da sua importância ecológica e de constituírem um modelo para estudos cromossômicos e evolutivos, ainda não apresentam estudos filogenéticos amplos. Ainda, a associação de dados cromossômicos e moleculares forneceu um panorama interessante sobre as relações evolutivas em algumas espécies do gênero, bem como sobre os processos e padrões evolutivos presentes nos Astyanax.Astyanax is one of the species-richest genera within the order Characiformes. More than 100 representatives are widespread throughout nearly all the Neotropical region, inhabiting an array of environments, such as mountain areas, lotic and lentic river portions, lake systems and headwaters. This fish group has been a target of chromosomal studies for over 30 years, showing a remarkable cytogenetic diversity. Recently, the advances in molecular cytogenetics and DNA marker studies have provided new data about the evolutionary biology in this group, allowing revisiting former issues in species of this genus, such as their problematic taxonomical classification. In the present work, we attempted to obtain a cytogenetic characterization and analyze mtDNA segments (partial sequences of the genes ND2 and ATPase6/8) of different species and populations of Astyanax, in order to identify the evolutionary patterns and processes within the genus. Specimens from São Francisco, Tietê, Paranapanema, Mogi-Guaçu, Iguaçu, Paraíba do Sul, Ribeira de Iguape and Guapimirim hydrographic basins were collected. The results revealed phylogeographic scenarios and enabled us to establish the evolutionary relationships among the analyzed species, by associating data from two distinct classes of genetic markers. Through classic and molecular cytogenetic techniques, we present karyotypic data in A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus, A. bockmanni, A. aff. fasciatus, A. hastatus, A. mexicanus and A. ribeirae. For the phylogenetic studies, we also used, besides those sequences of the species abovementioned, data from the species Astyanax sp.B, A. giton, A. intermedius, A. lacustris, A. aff. scabripinnis, Bryconamericus iheringii, Mimagoniatis microlepis e Roeboides occidentalis. In the mtDNA analyses, sequences from the mtDNA of A. aeneus, and different haplotypes of A. mexicanus and A. bimaculatus available in the literature were included as well. Phylogeographic analyses coupled with chromosomal data were performed for the distinct populational samples in the groups A. altiparanae, A. aff. bimaculatus and A. aff. fasciatus. Both molecular and chromosomal analyses along Eastern drainage systems and nearby basins carried out in the present work provided additional information to the understanding of the evolutionary biology in the genus Astyanax. Another contribution of the present work refers to the inference on the evolutionary vi relationships in some of the most intensively studied species in the genus Astyanax, that, despite of their ecological importance and their role as a model for chromosomal and evolutionary studies, still lack more complete phylogenetic approaches. Furthermore, the association between chromosomal and molecular data revealed an interesting panorama about the evolutionary relationships in some species of this genus, as well as the evolutionary processes and patterns identified within Astyanax

Parallel evolution evidenced by molecular data in the banded- tetra (Astyanax fasciatus)

Astyanax is well known as a model for developmental biology studies, particularly with regard to Mexico's cave populations. More than 130 species of Astyanax are already known, most of which live in South America. The occurrence of cryptic species and species complexes elucidated by chromosomal and genetic studies demonstrates that the relationship between morphology and molecular evolution is quite complex within this group. In this work, we demonstrate that morphology does not follow the path of vicariant processes observed in Astyanax fasciatus populations, which separated about three million years ago, although molecular data suggests its separation in two species

Morphological and genetic divergence of a small stream fish species along a watershed

Piabina argentea is a species of Characidae family that is widely distributed in the hydrographic basins of the São Francisco and Paraná Rivers and in some Atlantic coastal drainages of South America. The genus contains only one other species, which is restricted to the Tietê River headwaters (the Upper Paraná River Basin) and is considered monophyletic within the Stevardiinae subfamily. Despite the apparent morphological conservation of at least six well-structured clades, great genetic distance revealed by DNA barcoding has already been reported. In an attempt to evaluate the effect of the watershed of the two river basins in the Arc of Upper Paranaíba region (Upper Paraná and São Francisco River basins), we analyzed the populations from both basins using mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphometry and constructed a distribution scenario for the species in both basins

Gene mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA genes in the karyotype of the three-spot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus (Perciformes, Osphronemidae)

Ornamental fish culture is important as an economic activity and for biodiversity conservation as well. The species of the genus Trichogaster (Perciformes, Osphronemidae), popularly known as three-spot gourami, are among the several commercial species raised around the world. In the present work, eight specimens of Thrichogaster trichopterus from aquarium trade facilities were analyzed. The karyotype was composed of 23 pairs of subtelo/acrocentric chromosomes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization allowed identifying the 18S ribosomal gene at telomeric region on long arms of the largest acrocentric pair. On the other hand, the 5S rRNA gene is located at a proximal region on a pair of medium-sized chromosomes. Such information is extremely useful in face of the risks of introduction and the development of ornamental fish trade, once many fish species can be identified only by genetic studies

Astyanax bockmanni Vari and Castro, 2007: an ambiguous karyotype in the Astyanax genus

Despite the widespread distribution of Astyanax bockmanni in streams from Upper Paraná River system in central, southeastern, and southern Brazil, just recently, it has been identified as a distinct Astyanax species. Cytogenetic studies were performed in two populations of this species, revealing conservative features. A. bockmanni shows 2n = 50 chromosomes, a karyotypic formula composed of 10 M + 12SM + 12ST + 16A and multiple Ag-NORs. Eight positive signals in subtelocentric/acrocentric chromosomes were identified by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA probes. After FISH with 5S rDNA probes, four sites were detected, comprising the interstitial region of a metacentric pair and the terminal region on long arms of another metracentric pair. Little amounts of constitutive heterochromatin were observed, mainly distributed at distal region in two chromosomal pairs. Additionally, heterochromatin was also located close to the centromeres in some chromosomes. No positive signals were detected in the chromosomes of A. bockmanni by FISH with the As-51 satellite DNA probe. The studied species combines a set of characteristics previously identified in two different Astyanax groups. The chromosomal evolution in the genus Astyanax is discussed

Satellite DNA sites in four species of the genus Astyanax (Teleostei, Characiformes)

Cytogenetic data about satellite DNA distribution in four Astyanax species (Characidae) from the Paraitinga river, Paraíba do Sul river basin, Brazil, are presented. In order to characterize the constitutive heterochromatin, C-banding, chromomycin A3 and DAPI fluorescence staining, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the satellite DNA As-51 probe were performed. A. scabripinnis and A. parahybae presented 2n = 50 and 2n = 48 chromosomes, respectively. The heterochromatin was located in the pericentromeric and terminal regions of many chromosomes, corresponding to GC-positive regions and to the As-51 satellite DNA in terminal regions. A. intermedius and A. giton, both with 2n = 50 chromosomes, showed little heterochromatin, mostly restricted to the terminal and pericentromeric regions of a few chromosomes. No GC-positive regions, neither any correspondence between the scarce heterochromatin of these species and the As-51 satellite DNA was observed. AT-positive blocks were not detected in any of the species studied. Based on these and other available data, the hypothesis that Astyanax represents a polyphyletic group is discussed