Progression de la rétinopathie diabétique chez les femmes enceintes (étude rétrospective monocentrique d'une série de 77 patientes consécutives)

La grossesse est un facteur de risque reconnu de développement et de progression de la rétinopathie diabétique. Nous rapportons les résultats d'une étude rétrospective menée chez 77 patientes diabétiques enceintes suivies conjointement par les diabétologues, les obstétriciens et les ophtalmologistes. Les patientes ont bénéficié d'un examen ophtalmologique au minimum une fois par trimestre. Sur le plan du diabète nous avons retenu les critères suivants : le type de diabète, l'âge au moment de la découverte du diabète, la durée d'évolution du diabète, les valeurs d'HbA1C à chaque trimestre. Sur le plan général nous avons évalué les critères suivants : l'âge de la patiente au début de la grossesse, la programmation de la grossesse, la présence d'une hypertension artérielle, le poids de l'enfant à l'accouchement. Les taux moyens d'HbA1C étaient de 7,08 +- 1,32% au 1er trimestre, 6,24 +- 0,85% au 2ème trimestre et de 6,2 +- 0,77% au 3ème trimestre. Quatorze femmes (18,2 %) souffraient d' hypertension artérielle avant la grossesse, 11 (14,3%) ont développé une hypertension gravidique et 4 (7,2%) une pré-éclampsie. L'analyse de la RD avec le temps a montré une progression d'au moins un stade chez 4 patientes entre le 1er et le 2ème trimestre, chez 3 entre le 2ème et le 3ème trimestre et chez 7 entre le 1er et le 3ème trimestre. Dans notre série le fait d'avoir une hypertension artérielle préexistante à la grossesse ou de développer une hypertension gravidique est un facteur de risque d'aggravation de la RD (p=0,033) contrairement aux autres facteurs étudiés. Les résultats de notre étude confirment des études antérieures montrant que la progression de la RD est rare si le stade initial est l'absence de RD ou une RDNP minime. Un bon contrôle glycémique initial et pendant la grossesse permet également de limiter l'évolution de la RD. Une surveillance multidisciplinaire conjointe par l'obstétricien, le diabétologue et l'ophtalmologiste permet d'optimiser la surveillance des femmes enceintes diabétiques et d'éviter ou de minimiser les complications ophtalmologiques liées à la grossesse.NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les uvéites de l'enfant

NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

L'ATTEINTE OCULAIRE AU COURS DES LYMPHOMES MALINS NON HODGKINIENS PRIMITIFS DU SYSTEME NERVEUX CENTRAL

NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Efficacy of Sulforaphane in Eradicating Helicobacter pylori in Human Gastric Xenografts Implanted in Nude Mice

Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate abundant in the form of its glucosinolate precursor in broccoli sprouts, has shown in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori. We evaluated the effect of sulforaphane in vivo against this bacterium by using human gastric xenografts in nude mice. H. pylori was completely eradicated in 8 of the 11 sulforaphane-treated grafts. This result suggests that sulforaphane might be beneficial in the treatment of H. pylori-infected individuals

The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications

Cannabis is one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects of Cannabis are mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: ∆9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing

The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications

Cannabis is one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects of Cannabis are mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: 9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing

The role of the retina in visual hallucinations: A review of the literature and implications for psychosis

International audienc

Influence of Lewis Antigen Expression by Helicobacter pylori on Bacterial Internalization by Gastric Epithelial Cells

The role of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Lewis antigens in infection is still not well known. We investigated the influence of Lewis antigen expression by H. pylori on its internalization by AGS cells and the epithelium of human gastric xenografts in nude mice using isogenic mutants in LPS biosynthetic genes. In vivo, colonization rates were unaffected by the change in H. pylori Lewis antigen expression, whereas the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly higher with wild-type H. pylori strains expressing Lewis antigens when compared to the isogenic mutants in both models. H. pylori strains expressing more Lewis X antigens (Le(x)) were internalized at a higher rate than those expressing less Le(x), type II Lewis antigens (Le(a) or Le(b)) alone, or no Lewis antigens. Thus, Lewis antigens appear to be involved in the internalization of H. pylori by the gastric epithelium

Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Biologics Era

Background: Extra-intestinal manifestations are frequent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ocular disorders are generally under diagnosed as they are challenging diagnosis. Aims: We assessed the prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in patients with IBD, and investigated characteristics associated with ocular manifestations. Methods: We performed a retrospective study including patients followed for IBD and had an ophthalmologic visit from January 2013 to July 2020, among 1432 patients followed during this period. Two groups were considered: the first group included patients whose an ocular diagnosis was considered as “related to IBD”, and the second group including patients whose an ocular diagnosis was considered “not related to IBD”. Results: Among 1432 patients with IBD, eighty-seven (6.1%) patients had an ophthalmologic visit. Fifty-three patients (3.7%) were considered to have an ocular extra-intestinal manifestation or an iatrogenic effect of IBD treatment, and 34 diagnoses (2.4%) were considered not related to IBD. Inflammatory surface pathologies were the most frequent (33.2%), including 15 patients with dry eye (17.2%), 9 with blepharitis (10.3%), and 5 with chalazions (meibomian cyst) (5.7%). Uveitis was diagnosed in 13 patients (14.9%), episcleritis in 5 patients (5.7%), and scleritis in 2 patients (2.3%). Characteristics of patients with an ophthalmological diagnosis “related to IBD” versus “not related to IBD” were not statistically different. Conclusion: In our cohort, less than 5% of patients had ophthalmological extra-intestinal manifestation. The most frequent ocular diagnosis were dry eye and uveitis. No disease characteristics of IBD were found to be associated with ocular manifestations