Vilka exportföretag prisdiskriminerar?

Denna studie undersöker företags prisvariation mellan olika exportmarknader. Tidigare studier betonar kvalitetsskillnader som en viktig orsak till variationer i exportpriser. Vi utgår i stället från en alternativ förklaringsmodell som baseras på marknadssegmentering och studerar relationen mellan företagens prisvariation och deras markup. Vi använder detaljerad företags- och produktdata för en hel produktionskedja − den svenska livsmedelskedjan − och analyserar hur prisdiskriminering skiljer sig åt mellan olika sektorer. Resultaten visar att det endast är inom livsmedelsindustrin som exportföretag med en högre förmåga att prisdiskriminera även är förknippade med en högre markup. Slutsatsen blir att det prissättningsbeteende som återfinns i tillverkningsindustrin inte gäller för andra delar av produktionskedjan

Endogenous trade policies, the location of production and inter-industry input-output linkages. *

Abstract This paper explores the role of trade policy in a new economic geography model based on intermediate input linkages within as well as between industries. In

Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Child Sheehan Disability Scale in adolescent psychiatric patients

Background: Assessment of disability is part of the psychiatric diagnostic process, and validated scales are needed for the assessment of functioning. The Swedish translations of the Child Sheehan Disability Scale (CSDS) for adolescents and parents (CSDS-P) have been adapted for use in psychiatric settings. Objective: The purpose of the study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Swedish CSDS and the CSDS-P among adolescent psychiatric patients. Method: Patients (n = 107) were assessed with the CSDS, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ adolescent), and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) diagnostic interview. Their parents participated in the interview and completed the CSDS-P and SDQ parent. Results: Internal consistency was alpha =.813 for the CSDS (three items) and alpha =.842 for the CSDS-P (five items). For both scales, principal component analyses showed one component. The correlations between the total scores of the CSDS and CSDS-P in relation to a general K-SADS-PL symptom summation index were r(s) = .332, p < .001 and r(s) = .237, p = .014, respectively. Correlations with the total K-SADS function summation index were r(s) < .300 for both. The correlation between the CSDS and the total difficulties score on the SDQ was r(s) = .433,p < .001. Conclusions: The Swedish translations of the CSDS and CSDS-P had similar psychometric properties to Whiteside's CSDS and the Adult Sheehan Disability Scale. Concurrent validity and correlation between the CSDS and CSDS-P were weak

Export av Livsmedel – Till Vilket Pris?

Exporterande företag sätter ofta olika priser på olika marknader. Traditionellt tänker man sig att det beror på att företag anpassar kvaliteten på sina produkter efter vilken marknad de säljer på. I denna studie undersöks om prisskillnaderna istället kan förklaras av att företag aktivt sätter olika pris på olika exportmarknader för samma vara. Studien görs för alla svenska exporterande företag inom jordbruk, livsmedelsindustri och parti- och detaljhandel. Resultaten visar att: •Det är vanligt att svenska exportörer i livsmedelskedjan sätter olika priser på olika exportmarknader. •Det är i huvudsak företag i livsmedels-industrin som ökar sin vinst till följd av en differentierad prissättning. •Företagens möjligheter att öka sin vinst genom sin prispolicy förklaras främst av företagsunika egenskaper som till exempel ett starkt varumärke. Detta har policyimplikationer då det indikerar att svenskproducerat som försäljningsargument spelar en begränsad roll vid export

Market Structure and Integration - Essays on Trade, Specialisation and Foreign Direct Investment

The study analyses various aspects of international economics related to foreign direct investment, trade and specialisation. These issues are considered in view of the increased internationalisation - through trade and foreign direct investment - in recent decades. Special interest is devoted to the effects of economic integration. Chapter two examines the importance of FDI and country capabilities for economic growth. In a cross-country analysis, FDI is allowed to interact with openness, human capital, property rights protection and the efficiency of the bureaucracy. The results suggest that countries that have experienced an increase in their stock of FDI also have higher growth rates. Moreover, countries with an efficient bureaucracy and sufficient level of property rights protection are more likely to benefit from a given amount of FDI. On the other hand, we find no support for the results in previous studies emphasising the importance of openness and human capital. In chapter three, the welfare effects of regional and global integration are analysed in a model where market size matters. Regional integration leads to higher welfare in the countries of a preferential trading arrangement (PTA), but to lower welfare outside. In case the countries also decide to form a customs union (CU), both countries will experience further gains if the creation of the CU means that the average external trade barriers are raised. The outside country will in this case experience further welfare losses. If it retaliates and creates a trade war, this will lower welfare in all three countries. In contrast, global integration will, in most cases, benefit both PTA and outside countries. Finally, chapter four investigates the empirical importance of increasing returns to scale (IRS) as a determinant of specialisation and international trade. In contrast to earlier studies, this paper focuses on how the impact of IRS varies over time and across industries. We test the hypothesis that the impact of scale economies is determined by the relative market size of the trading countries, using data on production and trade in 17 OECD countries over the period 1970-93. We find support in favour of the hypothesis that economies of scale have a significant effect on trade patterns, specifically a positive effect on net exports from large countries and a negative effect in small countries. Furthermore, the results indicate that the role of scale economies is declining over time. Finally, the importance of IRS as a determinant of trade differs widely across industries and the results suggest that scale economies, to some extent, have a larger effect on trade in industries at a medium technology level