Knock and knock intensity in a spark ignition engine

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KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION: ITS DISTRIBUTION AMONG OUR COMMUNITY - IUMSHS (1999-2000)

Introduction. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) may lead to visual loss or even to blindness. RVO may accompany with most of systemic disease as well as some eye diseases. Since no effective treatment is known to restore the full vision in none of the cases, it is necessary to determine and identify the precipitating factors and to treat them in order to prevent the involvement of another eye.
 Methods. Among 2500 patients with chief complaint of visual loss 62 patients had retinal vessel occlusion, 59 patients (95 percent) had RVO and 3 patients (5 percent) had retinal artery occlusion (RAO). 3 patients with CRVO who didn"t fallow up were excluded the study. The necessary medical examinations were done in internal medicine clinic after primary examination in ophtalmology clinic and raw data were recorded in special form for each patient.
 Results. From 56 patients with RVO, 55.36 percent (31 subjects) were female and 44.64 percent (25 subjects) were male. 76.79 percent of patients (43 subjects) were 50 years or more and 66.1 percent (37 subjects) suffered from hypertension, 35.7 percent ( 20 subjects) had hypercholestrolemia ; and 21.4 percent (12 patients) had diabetes mellitus. 23.2 percent of patients (13 subjects) were previously smokers, 14.28 percent (8 subjects) were current smokers and the rest had quitted smoking. Totally, 37.5 percent of patients) were menopausal women. In 57.14 percent of the patients body mass index BMI) were higher than 24.9 Kg/m2.In 80.4 percent and 44.6 percent of the patients serum a2- globulin and ? globulion was higher than normal, respectively.
 Discussion. The data showed that most of the patients with RVO were more than 50 years old. Associated systemic risk factors in this study are listed bellow from the most to the least frequency order: hypertension, high 8MI, LDL hypercholestrolemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking

Assessment of Treatment Safety and Quality of Life in Patients Receiving Etanercept Biosimilar for Autoimmune Arthritis (ASQA): A Multicenter Post-marketing Surveillance Study

Introduction: Phase IV post-marketing surveillance studies are needed to evaluate the real-world safety and effectiveness of drug products. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of biosimilar etanercept (Altebrel, AryoGen Co., Iran) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods: In this open-label, multicenter, prospective, observational, post-marketing surveillance study, 583 patients received biosimilar etanercept 25 mg twice weekly or 50 mg once weekly and were followed up to 12 months. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety of biosimilar etanercept by documenting all the adverse events in the case report forms throughout the study period. The secondary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of biosimilar etanercept in study patients, where longitudinal changes in health assessment questionnaire (HAQ), pain, and disease activity scores were assessed. Results: A total of 583 patients (44.80 ± 13.09 years of age) were included and followed for an average of 8.12 ± 3.96 months. Among all patients, 172 (29.50) experienced at least one adverse event, and injection site reaction, abdominal pain, and upper respiratory tract infection were the most common. HAQ scores decreased from 1.32 ± 0.77 at baseline to 0.81 ± 0.61 at 12 months in patients with RA/PsA (p < 0.01) and from 0.82 ± 0.58 at baseline to 0.66 ± 0.63 at 12 months in patients with AS (p = 0.18). Pain scores decreased from 6.49 ± 2.41 at baseline to 3.51 ± 2.39 at 12 months (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The results demonstrated the real-world safety and effectiveness of biosimilar etanercept in patients with RA, PsA, and AS. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04582084. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Healthcare Ltd. part of Springer Nature