Caracterización de las unidades productivas de soya en la costa ecuatoriana

The aim of this research is to characterize the agricultural productive units (APU) that produce soybean and to generate new information for crop diversification and project changes in the productive matrix of Ecuador. The information was collected through structured surveys from July 2017 to January 2018 in the cantons of Vinces, Quevedo, Puebloviejo, and Babahoyo, province of Los Ríos located in the middle basin of the Guayas River. About 337 soybean producers were surveyed, addressing economic, socio-cultural, and ecological aspects. The results suggest that grain production is considered acceptable (above the national average with 2.7 t/ha), and marketing is estimated at $5,610/t with a cash investment of$ 432/ha. Furthermore, the average age of the producers is 51 years, and it is alarming the lack of empowerment of their children towards agricultural activities. A low percentage of illiteracy was recorded, considered a positive factor when capacity building processes are undertaken. Most farmers are grouped in agricultural organizations mainly to gain access to the benefits established by the government and have medium access to basic services. Finally, farmers in the area depend on external inputs such as seeds, being a negative factor for the sustainability of the productive system.La presente investigación busca caracterizar las unidades productivas agropecuarias (UPA) que producen soya, generar nueva información para la diversificación de cultivos y proyectar cambios en la matriz productiva de Ecuador. La información se recolectó a través de encuestas estructuradas entre julio de 2017 y enero de 2018 en los cantones Vinces, Quevedo, Puebloviejo y Babahoyo de la provincia de Los Ríos, ubicada en la cuenca media del Río Guayas. Se entrevistaron 337 productores de soya y las preguntas abordaron aspectos económicos, socioculturales y ecológicos. La producción de granos se consideró aceptable (por encima de la media nacional con 2,7 t/ha) y la comercialización se estimó en $5.610/t, con una inversión en efectivo de$432/ha. La edad promedio de los productores fue de 51 años y es preocupante la falta de empoderamiento de los hijos de agricultores respecto a las actividades agrícolas. Se registró un bajo porcentaje de analfabetismo, factor positivo al momento de emprender procesos de capacitación. La mayoría de los agricultores están agrupados en organizaciones agrícolas, principalmente para acceder a los beneficios de subsidios establecidos por el Gobierno, y poseen acceso medio a servicios básicos. Los agricultores de la zona dependen de insumos externos como las semillas, lo que constituye un factor negativo para la sostenibilidad del sistema productivo

Effect of organic and chemical fertilization on the onion crop (Allium cepa L.)

The bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable widely cultivated and in high demand in national and international markets. Due to the risks that the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals represents for human health and the environment, the present study aimed to make a comparative analysis of the effects of organic vs chemical fertilization currently used in the cropping of red hybrid bulb onion (Eureka). Three organic fertilizers (Zumsil®, ComCat® and EcoFungi®) were compared to three chemical fertilizers (15-15-15®, Muriate of Potash® and Nitrofoska®). The response variables were: plant height at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT), length, diameter and average weight of bulbs, yield in tons per hectare and the relationship between height at 30 and 60 DAT. The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized design with four replicates, seven treatments and 28 experimental units. The statistics used include an analysis of variance and a Canonical Biplot that allowed to obtain groups of variables and to determine their correlation with each one of the treatments. Additionally, a marginal analysis of dominant treatments was performed. Positive response of variables was strongly associated with organic fertilizers. From the economic point of view, the ComCat® organic fertilizer represented an ecological alternative with excellent benefits for the producer. This research is in line with the trends for agrochemical-free foods

El Índice de Sociedad Sostenible (SSI) en América: análisis desde una perspectiva de Biplot dinámico

Este estudio presenta un análisis mediante Biplot dinámico del Índice de Sociedad Sostenible aplicado a América. Los principales resultados al analizar las trayectorias de las variables en general son cortos, pero tienden a mejorar. Se observaron dos grupos: uno de países bien posicionados frente a las variables “necesidades básicas” y “desarrollo personal y social” (Norteamérica), y el segundo, de países con trayectorias de comportamiento irregular, con poca estabilidad y con una tendencia de caída en los últimos periodos en análisis (Centro, Sudamérica y Caribe). El método Biplot dinámico demuestra ser un nuevo enfoque para el procesamiento de datos de tres vías y provee resultados fáciles de representar e interpretar

Frequency of Neuroendocrine Tumor Studies: Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and HJ-Biplot Statistical Methods

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are severe and relatively rare and may affect any organ of the human body. The prevalence of NETs has increased in recent years; however, there seem to be more data on particular types, even though, despite the efforts of different guidelines, there is no consensus on how to identify different types of NETs. In this review, we investigated the countries that published the most articles about NETs, the most frequent organs affected, and the most common related topics. Methods: This work used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) method to identify and interpret scientific information in relation to the categories in a set of documents. The HJ-Biplot method was also used to determine the relationship between the analyzed topics, by taking into consideration the years under study. Results: In this study, a literature review was conducted, from which a total of 7658 abstracts of scientific articles published between 1981 and 2020 were extracted. The United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, and Italy published the majority of studies on NETs, of which pancreatic tumors were the most studied. The five most frequent topics were t_21 (clinical benefit), t_11 (pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors), t_13 (patients one year after treatment), t_17 (prognosis of survival before and after resection), and t_3 (markers for carcinomas). Finally, the results were put through a two-way multivariate analysis (HJ-Biplot), which generated a new interpretation: we grouped topics by year and discovered which NETs were the most relevant for which years. Conclusions: The most frequent topics found in our review highlighted the severity of NETs: patients have a poor prognosis of survival and a high probability of tumor recurrence

Alkaloid production and response to natural adverse conditions in <i>Peganum harmala</i>: <i>in silico</i> transcriptome analyses

Peganum harmala is a valuable wild plant that grows and survives under adverse conditions and produces pharmaceutical alkaloid metabolites. Using different assemblers to develop a transcriptome improves the quality of assembled transcriptome. In this study, a concrete and accurate method for detecting stress-responsive transcripts by comparing stress-related gene ontology (GO) terms and public domains was designed. An integrated transcriptome for P. harmala including 42 656 coding sequences was created by merging de novo assembled transcriptomes. Around 35 000 transcripts were annotated with more than 90% resemblance to three closely related species of Citrus, which confirmed the robustness of the assembled transcriptome; 4853 stress responsive transcripts were identified. CYP82 involved in alkaloid biosynthesis showed a higher number of transcripts in P. harmala than in other plants, indicating its diverse alkaloid biosynthesis attributes. Transcription factors (TFs) and regulatory elements with 3887 transcripts comprised 9% of the transcriptome. Among the TFs of the integrated transcriptome, cystein2/histidine2 (C2H2) and WD40 repeat families were the most abundant. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling map and the plant hormone signal transduction map showed the highest assigned genes to these pathways, suggesting their potential stress resistance. The P. harmala whole-transcriptome survey provides important resources and paves the way for functional and comparative genomic studies on this plant to discover stress-tolerance-related markers and response mechanisms in stress physiology, phytochemistry, ecology, biodiversity, and evolution. P. harmala can be a potential model for studying adverse environmental cues and metabolite biosynthesis and a major source for the production of various alkaloids