B_females_sugars_combined

Embryo mortality data for "B" female

Supplementary Figure and Tables from Nutritional geometry of paternal effects on embryo mortality

Well-established causal links exist between maternal nutritional deficits and embryo health and viability. By contrast, environmental effects operating through the father that could influence embryo mortality have seldom been examined. Yet, ejaculates can require non-trivial resource allocation, and seminal plasma components are increasingly recognized to exert wide-ranging effects on females and offspring, so paternal dietary effects on the embryo should be expected. We test for effects of varying levels of protein (P), carbohydrate (C) and caloric load in adult male diet on embryo mortality in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We demonstrate that macronutrient balance and caloric restriction exert significant effects, and that nutritional effects are more impactful when a prior mating has occurred. Once-mated males produced embryos with marginally elevated mortality under high-caloric densities and a 1 : 8 P : C ratio. In contrast, embryos produced by twice-mated males were significantly more likely to die under male caloric restriction, an outcome that may have resulted from shifts in ejaculate quality and/or epigenetic paternal effects. Body nutrient reserves were strongly and predictably altered by diet, and body condition, in turn, was negatively related to embryo mortality. Thus, sire nutritional history and resultant shifts in metabolic state predict embryo viability and post-fertilization fitness outcomes

Supplementary Material and Methods from Nutritional geometry of paternal effects on embryo mortality

Well-established causal links exist between maternal nutritional deficits and embryo health and viability. By contrast, environmental effects operating through the father that could influence embryo mortality have seldom been examined. Yet, ejaculates can require non-trivial resource allocation, and seminal plasma components are increasingly recognized to exert wide-ranging effects on females and offspring, so paternal dietary effects on the embryo should be expected. We test for effects of varying levels of protein (P), carbohydrate (C) and caloric load in adult male diet on embryo mortality in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We demonstrate that macronutrient balance and caloric restriction exert significant effects, and that nutritional effects are more impactful when a prior mating has occurred. Once-mated males produced embryos with marginally elevated mortality under high-caloric densities and a 1 : 8 P : C ratio. In contrast, embryos produced by twice-mated males were significantly more likely to die under male caloric restriction, an outcome that may have resulted from shifts in ejaculate quality and/or epigenetic paternal effects. Body nutrient reserves were strongly and predictably altered by diet, and body condition, in turn, was negatively related to embryo mortality. Thus, sire nutritional history and resultant shifts in metabolic state predict embryo viability and post-fertilization fitness outcomes

Innate immune system-related genes differentially expressed in heart of fish fed the functional feeds (FF1 and FF2) relative to the standard diet during the course of the infection with ASRV.

<p>Transcripts, with probe names or accession number (when possible), are arranged by functional categories and the data are presented as the expression ratio between the functional diet group and the standard group (ST/FF1 and ST/FF2), for each time point.</p

Hierarchical clustering of expression profiles for 2581 genes from the significant interaction list of the 2-way ANOVA analysis across the different dietary treatments over the time course of the infection.

<p>Individual gene expression profiles are plotted horizontally against vertical columns of each dietary group over the different time-points. Up- and down-regulation of gene expression with respect to a common reference (a pool of all the samples) are represented in red and green, respectively. Colour intensity depends on the value of the expression ratio.</p

Lipid-related inflammatory pathway genes differentially expressed in heart of fish fed the functional feeds (FF1 and FF2) relative to the standard diet during the course of the infection with ASRV.

<p>Transcripts, with probe names or accession number (when possible), are arranged by functional categories and the data are presented as the expression ratio between the functional diet group and the standard group (ST/FF1 and ST/FF2), for each time point.</p

IFN II-related genes differentially expressed in heart of fish fed the functional feeds (FF1 and FF2) relative to the standard diet during the course of the infection with ASRV.

<p>Transcripts, with probe names or accession number (when possible), are arranged by functional categories and the data are presented as the expression ratio between the functional diet group and the standard group (ST/FF1 and ST/FF2), for each time point.</p

Formulation of the experimental diets.

1)<p>All ingredients sourced from EWOS stocks unless otherwise stated.</p>2)<p>Includes soy protein concentrate, pea protein concentrate, wheat gluten and sunflower meal.</p>3)<p>Includes wheat grain.</p>4)<p>Includes vitamins, minerals, crystalline amino acids, ammonium phosphate.</p>5)<p>Aker Biomarine A.</p

RT-qPCR validation of microarray results.

<p>Values represent the expression ratios for the selected genes between the functional diet group and the standard group at 12- and 16-weeks post-infection with ASRV obtained by microarray analysis or RTqPCR.</p

Adaptive immune system related-genes differentially expressed in heart of fish fed the functional feeds (FF1 and FF2) relative to the standard diet during the course of the infection with ASRV.

<p>Transcripts, with probe names or accession number (when possible), are arranged by functional categories and the data are presented as the expression ratio between the functional diet group and the standard group (ST/FF1 and ST/FF2), for each time point.</p