Alignments_COI_16S_Per_comparison

Alignment of COI and 16S mitochondrial genes per comparison and per species. Two comparisons were performed, comparison 1 between Cana and Brewster (15 species) and comparison 2 between El Copé and Brewster (30 species)

GLM code and data file

R code to replicate GLM construction and evaluation and database used to perform the analyses

Paz_et_al_locality_data_for_ENM

This excel file has georeferenced locality data used to construct ENM´s for all 30 species. It also describes wether data points were used for model training or model testing

Bioclimatic data used for ENM´s

Bioclimatic data used for model construction and projection to the last glacial maximum was obtained from the worldclim database (worldclim.org). Both present and past layers were cropped to the study area

Summary of <i>Atelopus zeteki</i> infection intensity (number of zoospores on skin swabs) and zoospore output (number of zoospores released per minute) at death.

<p>Summary of <i>Atelopus zeteki</i> infection intensity (number of zoospores on skin swabs) and zoospore output (number of zoospores released per minute) at death.</p

Average <i>Bd</i> infection intensity of adult amphibians at death by several experimental studies.

<p>* indicates the <i>Bd</i> strain used occurs within the amphibian species native range.</p

Relationship between <i>Bd</i> infection intensity and zoospore output.

<p>The solid black line corresponds to the linear regression fitted to all points (<i>t₄₃</i> = 3.926, <i>p</i><0.001). <i>Bd</i> infection intensity and zoospore output were positively correlated and not influenced by prior <i>Bd</i> exposure of the amphibian.</p

Unexpected Rarity of the Pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> in Appalachian <i>Plethodon</i> Salamanders: 1957–2011

<div><p>Widespread population declines in terrestrial <i>Plethodon</i> salamanders occurred by the 1980s throughout the Appalachian Mountains, the center of global salamander diversity, with no evident recovery. We tested the hypothesis that the historic introduction and spread of the pathogenic fungus <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>) into the eastern US was followed by <i>Plethodon</i> population declines. We expected to detect elevated prevalence of <i>Bd</i> prior to population declines as observed for Central American plethodontids. We tested 1,498 <i>Plethodon</i> salamanders of 12 species (892 museum specimens, 606 wild individuals) for the presence of <i>Bd</i>, and tested 94 of those for <i>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bs)</i> and for ranavirus. Field samples were collected in 2011 from 48 field sites across a 767 km transect. Historic samples from museum specimens were collected at five sites with the greatest number and longest duration of collection (1957–987), four of which were sampled in the field in 2011. None of the museum specimens were positive for <i>Bd</i>, but four <i>P. cinereus</i> from field surveys were positive. The overall <i>Bd</i> prevalence from 1957–2011 for 12 <i>Plethodon</i> species sampled across a 757 km transect was 0.2% (95% CI 0.1–0.7%). All 94 samples were negative for <i>Bs</i> and ranavirus. We conclude that known amphibian pathogens are unlikely causes for declines in these <i>Plethodon</i> populations. Furthermore, these exceptionally low levels of <i>Bd</i>, in a region known to harbor <i>Bd</i>, may indicate that <i>Plethodon</i> specific traits limit <i>Bd</i> infection.</p></div

We sampled historic specimens collected at five sites (×), and live salamanders from 48 sites (•).

<p>Sampling sites spanned a geographical range of 767–1,687 m in the Appalachian Mountains. An inset of the US is provided to show the geographic extent.</p

Results of <i>Bd</i> testing for six protected areas in the Appalachian Mountains.

<p>Results of <i>Bd</i> testing for six protected areas in the Appalachian Mountains.</p