Measuring the Welfare Gain from Personal Computers: A Macroeconomic Approach

The welfare gain to consumers from the introduction of personal computers is estimated here. A simple model of consumer demand is formulated that uses a slightly modified version of standard preferences. The modification permits marginal utility, and hence total utility, to be finite when the consumption of computers is zero. This implies that the good won't be consumed at a high enough price. It also bounds the consumer surplus derived from the product. The model is calibrated/estimated using standard national income and product account data. The welfare gain from the introduction of personal computers is in the range of 2 to 3 percent of consumption expenditure.Compensating Variation, Computers, Electricity, Equivalent Variation, Technological Progress, Tornqvist Price Index, Welfare Gain.

The impact of medical and nursing home expenses and social insurance

We consider a life-cycle model with idiosyncratic risk in labor earnings, out-of-pocket medical and nursing home expenses, and survival. Partial insurance is available through welfare, Medicaid, and social security. Calibrating the model to the United States, we find that 12 percent of aggregate savings is accumulated to finance and self-insure against old-age health expenses given the absence of complete public health care for the elderly and that nursing home expenses play an important role in the savings of the wealthy and on aggregate. Moreover, we find that the aggregate and distributional effects of public health care provision are highly dependent on the availability of other programs making up the social insurance system.

Measuring the welfare gain from personal computers: a macroeconomic approach

The welfare gain to consumers from the introduction of personal computers is estimated here. A simple model of consumer demand is formulated that uses a slightly modified version of standard preferences. The modification permits marginal utility, and hence total utility, to be finite when the consumption of computers is zero, implying that the good won't be consumed at a high enough price. It also bounds the consumer surplus derived from the product. The model is calibrated and estimated using standard national income and product account data. The welfare gain from the introduction of personal computers is in the range of 2 percent to 3 percent of consumption expenditure.

The Impact of Medical and Nursing Home Expenses and Social Insurance Policies on Savings and Inequality

We consider a life-cycle model with idiosyncratic risk in labor earnings, out-of-pocket medical and nursing home expenses, and survival. Partial insurance is available through welfare, Medicaid, and social security. Calibrating the model to the U.S., we find that nursing home expenses play an important role in the savings of the wealthy. In our policy analysis, we find that elimination of out-of-pocket expenses through public health care would reduce the capital stock by 12 percent, Medicaid and old-age welfare programs crowd out 44 percent of savings and greatly increase wealth inequality, and social security effects are influenced by out-of-pocket health expenses.social insurance; medical expenses, nursing home expenses; wealth inequality; savings

A Quantitative Analysis of Suburbanization and the Diffusion of the Automobile

Suburbanization in the U.S. between 1910 and 1970 was concurrent with the rapid diffusion of the automobile. A circular city model is developed in order to access quantitatively the contribution of automobiles and rising incomes to suburbanization. The model incorporates a number of driving forces of suburbanization and car adoption, including falling automobile prices, rising real incomes, changing costs of traveling by car and with public transportation, and urban population growth. According to the model, 60 percent of postwar (1940-1970) suburbanization can be explained by these factors. Rising real incomes and falling automobile prices are shown to be the key drivers of suburbanization.automobile; suburbanization; population density gradients; technological progress

Finite State Markov-Chain Approximations to Highly Persistent Processes

This paper re-examines the Rouwenhorst method of approximating first-order autoregressive processes. This method is appealing because it can match the conditional and unconditional mean, the conditional and unconditional variance and the first-order autocorrelation of any AR(1) process. This paper provides the first formal proof of this and other results. When comparing to five other methods, the Rouwenhorst method has the best performance in approximating the business cycle moments generated by the stochastic growth model. It is shown that, equipped with the Rouwenhorst method, an alternative approach to generating these moments has a higher degree of accuracy than the simulation method.Numerical Methods, Finite State Approximations, Optimal Growth Model

Suburbanization and the Automobile

During the period 1910 to 1970, an increasing fraction of the urban population in the US chose to live on the outskirts of central cities. This was also a time when a major innovation in transportation technology, the automobile, was introduced and widely adopted. The objective of this paper is to assess quantitatively the relationship between the two. To achieve this, a simple model is constructed in which agents can choose where to live and whether or not to buy a car. When the model is calibrated, it can explain about 70 percent of the rise in car-ownership over the period 1910 to 1970 and all of the suburbanization trend. According to the model, rising income and falling car prices alone are not enough to generate the suburbanization trend. It is essential to have also: (i) a declining cost of commuting by car which allows car-owners to live further away from the city center, and (ii) a rising cost of using public transportation which encourages agents to make the swith to automobiles.automobiles, suburbanization, population density gradients

A Quantitative Analysis of Suburbanization and the Diffusion of the Automobile

Suburbanization in the U.S. between 1910 and 1970 was concurrent with the rapid diffusion of the automobile. A circular city model is developed in order to access quantitatively the contribution of automobiles and rising incomes to suburbanization. The model incorporates a number of driving forces of suburbanization and car adoption, including falling automobile prices, rising real incomes, changing costs of traveling by car and with public transportation, and urban population growth. According to the model, 60 percent of postwar (1940-1970) suburbanization can be explained by these factors. Rising real incomes and falling automobile prices are shown to be the key drivers of suburbanization.automobile; suburbanization; population density gradients; technological progress

Finite State Markov-Chain Approximations to Highly Persistent Processes

This paper re-examines the Rouwenhorst method of approximating first-order autoregressive processes. This method is appealing because it can match the conditional and unconditional mean, the conditional and unconditional variance and the first-order autocorrelation of any AR(1) process. This paper provides the first formal proof of this and other results. When comparing to five other methods, the Rouwenhorst method has the best performance in approximating the business cycle moments generated by the stochastic growth model. In addition, when the Rouwenhorst method is used, moments computed directly off the stationary distribution are as accurate as those obtained using Monte Carlo simulations.Numerical Methods; Finite State Approximations; Optimal Growth Model

Finite State Markov-Chain Approximations to Highly Persistent Processes

This paper re-examines the Rouwenhorst method of approximating first-order autoregressive processes. This method is appealing because it can match the conditional and unconditional mean, the conditional and unconditional variance and the first-order autocorrelation of any AR(1) process. This paper provides the first formal proof of this and other results. When comparing to five other methods, the Rouwenhorst method has the best performance in approximating the business cycle moments generated by the stochastic growth model. It is shown that, equipped with the Rouwenhorst method, an alternative approach to generating these moments has a higher degree of accuracy than the simulation method.Numerical Methods; Finite State Approximations; Optimal Growth Model