Novel redox active building blocks for the creation of functional macromolecules

This thesis describes an investigation into a wide range of potential materials for organic photovoltaic (PV) devices. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction relating to donor -acceptor systems and conjugated polymers with photovoltaic applications. Chapter 2 describes the design, synthesis and characterisation of new organic super-acceptors based on an NDI core. An investigation of their optical and redox properties is described. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of new flavin-functionalised dithienylpyrrole systems. In addition, preliminary polymerisation studies are described, together with a study of their chemical and physical properties. Chapter 4 describes the synthesis and characterisation of new ferrocene and NDI functionalised polymers by ATRP and RAFT techniques. Chapter 5 describes the synthesis of new bis-acceptor systems based on NDI and TCAQ and a brief study their chemical and physical properties. Chapter 6 describes the synthesis of conjug-ated polymers featuring NDI units. Chapter 7 describes the synthesis and characterisation of novel substituted metal phthalocyanines featuring NDI units. Chapter 8 provides the experimental details and characterisation of all the compounds prepared in this thesis. Finally, chapter 9 provides the appendices and additional information

Synthesis, characterization and investigation of antibacterial activity for some new functionalized luminol derivatives

ABSTRACT. The present study describes synthesis of some new luminol derivatives, which might play an important role in biological active agents. These new synthesized compounds are functionalized based on luminol (LM) with different carboxylic drugs such as mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium, and ampicillin). Synthesis processes was conducted by converting carboxylic group in the investigated drugs into acid chloride group by reacting with SOCl2. Then the synthesized chloride drug derivatives were reacted with luminol in presences of DMSO and TEA to yield the final target molecules. These compounds were characterized using FTIR, NMR and CHNS techniques. Besides that, their physical properties and solubility were also investigated. Biological activity of the derivatives (TH1-TH4) was investigated using a pathogenic bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (gram +ve), and Escherichia (E. coli) (gram -ve). The obtained results for antibacterial activity showed that TH1-TH4 derivatives have higher antibacterial activity against these types of bacteria in comparison with pure LM compound and the investigated drugs.   KEY WORDS: Luminol, Mefenamic acid, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac sodium, Ampicillin   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(1), 159-169.                                                               DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i1.13                                                     &nbsp

Photocatalytic oxidation of butan-2-ol over multi walled carbon nanotubes/cobalt phthalocynanine composites

ABSTRACT. This study involves synthesis of new substituted of cobalt phthalocyanine derivatives (CoPc) from starting materials naphthalene-1,4,5, tetracarbonic acid dianhydride (NDI) and phthalic anhydride by dry process. Nano composites materials were prepared from multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and MO (Cr2O3-NiO) to yield (MWCNTs/MO) nanocomposite and mixed with cobalt phthalocyanine to yield (MWCNTs/CoPc-MO). These materials were investigated using different analytical and spectrophotometric methods such as FTIR spectroscopy, X-rays diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then the activity of these materials was investigated by conducting photocatalytic oxidation of butann-2-ol over a suspension of these composites under irradiation with UV light from middle pressure mercury lamp. The concentration of the produced 2-butanone was followed by spectrophotometric method using 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazone which was detected by measuring absorbance at 480 nm. Different reaction conditions and parameters were investigated such as effect of weight of the catalyst, temperature of reaction, reaction period and the effect of pH of reaction mixture.                 KEY WORDS: Cobalt phthalocynanine, Nanocomposite, Photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(1), 197-207.                                                             DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i1.16                                                      &nbsp

Vitamins

This chapter is going to explain a part of the nutrients the human body needs. They are organic compounds called vitamins. Those compounds will be clarified, as well as their benefits, deficiencies, chemical structure, and why the body needs them crucially. Vitamins is an exceptionally vital recognized name required in certain amounts in the body, some of them exist as a complicated natural compounds found in herbal meals. It plays a key function in regular metabolism, the absence of which in the diet causes deficiency and several diseases. Vitamins are differentiated from the trace elements, also found in the weight-reduction plan in small quantities for health, growth, replica, and other crucial metabolism

Synthesis and Characterization of Naphthalenediimide-Functionalized Flavin Derivatives

Two acceptor–acceptor dyads have been synthesized featuring a flavin moiety and a naphthalenediimide (NDI) unit. The NDI unit is linked to the flavin through a short spacer group via either the N(3) or N(10) positions of the flavin. We have investigated the UV-Vis and redox properties of these multi-electron accepting systems which indicate that these materials display the collective properties of their component systems. Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements have revealed that their emission properties are dominated by the flavin unit

Synthesis, Characterization and Gas Sensor Application of New Composite Based on MWCNTs:CoPc:Metal Oxide

تم تخليق فثالوسيانين الكوبالت الجديد المعوض (CoPc) باستخدام مواد البدء النفثالين -1،4،5 ، ثنائي هيدريد حامض التراكربونيك (NDI) عن طريق العملية الجافة. تم تصنيع الأوكسيدات المعدنية (60٪ Ni3O440٪ -Co3O4) مع الأنابيب النانوية الكاربونية متعددة الحوائط (F-MWCNTs) لإنتاج المتراكب النانوي (F-MWCNTs / MO)  (E2) وخلطها مع CoPc لإنتاج (F-MWCNT) / CoPc / MO) (E3). تم فحص هذه المركبات باستخدام طرق تحليلية وطيفية مختلفة مثل H-NMR1  ، مطياف FTIR ، حيود الأشعة السينية (PXRD)  (2θ o = 10-80) ، مطيافية رامان ، وقياس الطيف المرئي للأشعة فوق البنفسجية. ثم تم فحص نشاط هذه المواد لاستشعار غازات (NH3 ، ميثانول ، أسيتون).كان تركيز المحاليل المستخدمة 0.2 ملغم من المادة المحضرة  لكل1 مل من الامونيا, الميثانول والاسيتون. تم أجراء القياسات بدرجة حرارة 298 كلفن.  كانت الأشكال السطحية للمواد المحضرة غير متجانسة.The synthesis of new substituted cobalt Phthalocyanine (CoPc) was carried out using starting materials Naphthalene-1,4,5, tetracarbonic acid dianhydride (NDI) employing dry process method. Metal oxides (MO) alloy of (60%Ni3O4 40%-Co3O4 ) have been functionalized with multiwall carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) to produce (F-MWCNTs/MO) nanocomposite (E2) and mixed with  CoPc to yield (F-MWCNT/CoPc/MO) (E3). These composites were investigated using different analytical and spectrophotometric methods such as 1H-NMR (0-18 ppm), FTIR spectroscopy in the range of (400-4000cm-1), powder X-rays diffraction (PXRD, 2θ o = 10-80), Raman spectroscopy (0-4000 cm-1), and UV-Visible spectrophotometry (0-800 nm). Then the activity of these materials was investigated as a gas sensing of (Ammonia, Methanol and Acetone). For each case, 0.2 mg/.mL of the prepared Copc, Copc/MWCNT, Copc/MWCNTs–MO was dispersed in 1m of ammonia, methanol and acetone at 298K. The surface morphology of the prepared materials was heterogeneous

Correction: Zainalabdeen, N., et al., Synthesis and Characterization of Naphthalenediimide-Functionalized Flavin Derivatives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 7468–7479.

Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page. In the original version of the manuscript [1] some of the analytical data for compounds 1 and 2 were incorrect. The correct NMR data are presented below. The authors apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused to the readers of this journal. Compound 1: 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.64 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 4H), 8.57 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (dd, J = 8.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 1.69 (quin, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (m, 8H), 0.86 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 162.6 (2xC = 0), 162.3 (2xC = 0), 158.9, 155.1, 151.9, 140.8, 136.6, 136.1, 135.2, 133.7, 131.1 (2xC), 130.5 (4xC), 130.3 (q, J = 4 Hz), 128.6 (q, J = 4 Hz), 128.4 (2xC), 126.6, 126.5 (2xC), 126.4 (q, J = 31 Hz), 126.3 (2xC), 126.2, 123.2 (q, J = 271 Hz), 117.8, 39.9, 30.9, 28.5, 28.3, 27.1, 26.3, 21.9, 13.7. Compound 2: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.77 (s, 4H), 8.58 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J = 9.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 4.61 (br s, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 2.47 (sept, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.47–1.23 (m, 10H), 1.07 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.1 (2xC = O), 162.9 (2xC = O), 159.0, 155.0, 149.9, 138.9, 137.5, 135.2, 134.9, 134.3, 131.7 (2xC), 131.5 (2xC), 131.2 (q, J = 4 Hz), 131.1 (4xC), 130.9 (q, J = 4 Hz), 128.6 (2xC), 127.1 (2xC), 127.0 (q, J = 28 Hz), 126.8 (2xC), 123.1 (q, J = 270 Hz), 116.9, 51.5, 44.9, 41.2, 31.9, 29.4, 29.3, 28.2, 27.6, 27.2, 22.8, 20.2 (2xC), 14.2

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Preparation of MWCNTS/Cr₂O₃-NiO Nanocomposite for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Removal of Bismarck Brown G Dye from Aqueous Solution

This work describes the synthesis of nanocomposites of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with co-oxide nanocomposite (MWCNTs)/MO. These nanocomposites were prepared using a simple evaporation and drying process. The obtained composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The activity of the prepared composites was investigated by following the removal of Bismarck brown G dye (BBG) from aqueous solution via adsorption processes and photocatalytic reactions. Different reaction parameters were performed such as the effect of dosage of the used nanocomposite, pH value, and effect of temperature. In addition to that adsorption isotherms and reaction kinetics were investigated. The efficiency of photocatalytic dye removal over the prepared composites was 99.9% after one hour of reaction at the optimal conditions which were mass dosage (0.03 g), pH (5), and temperature (303 K). The adsorption isotherm data were fitted with Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data were fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model