Improving System Design and Power Management for Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicles Minimizing Fuel Consumption

Im Fokus dieser Arbeit steht die optimale Gestaltung und Steuerung von hybridhydraulischen Fahrzeugen, um die gewünschten Eigenschaften des Systems, nämlich Kraftstoffverbrauch und Fahrbarkeit zu verbessern. Trotz unterschiedlich optimaler und suboptimaler Power-Management-Strategien sind typische Probleme im Umgang mit der Echtzeit-Anwendbarkeit von Power-Management-Strategien, speziell Rechenlast und Lastzyklus-Anforderungen noch diskutierte Themen in diesem Zusammenhang. Basierend auf den Modellen der hydraulischen Komponenten und Teilsysteme werden typische hydraulische Hybridfahrzeugtopologien entwickelt, verifiziert und mit Simulationsergebnissen aus technischer Software für die Modellierung der Hydrauliksysteme verglichen. Die parametrischen Modelle können für die Umsetzung des typischen optimalen Power-Management Strategien verwendet werden. Der Kern der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung, Anwendung, Optimierung und Auswertung von Druckregelstrategien, Power-Management-Strategien, sowie die Optimierung des Systemdesigns. Obwohl regelbasierte Druckregelstrategien suboptimale Ansätze darstellen, werden Kraftstoffverbrauch und Fahrverhalten in Form von Referenz Geschwindigkeits-Trackings als wichtigste Kriterien für eine angemessene Bewertung und den Vergleich von optimierten Power-Management-Strategien im Rahmen dieser Arbeit berücksichtigt. Um eine Online-Optimale Power-Management-Strategie zu entwickeln, sind drei Arten von Multi-objective Multi-parametric optimalen Steuerungsprobleme entwickelt und im System angewendet worden. Hierbei werden verschiedene Optimierungsalgorithmen wie Dynamic Programming (DP), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) und Model Predictive Control (MPC) angewendet. Der Hauptgrund für die Entwicklung von DP-basierten Leistungsverwaltungen ist die Entwicklung eines Off-line Power Management, um die Leistung von anderen entwickelten Algorithmen zu bewerten. Anschließend wird eine Instantaneous Optimized Power Management (IOPM) auf der Grundlage quasi-statischer Modelle des Systems entwickelt, welche auf dem momentanen Leistungsbedarf in jedem Zeitschritt basiert. Die entwickelten Power Management Strategien verbessern erheblich die gewünschten Systemeigenschaften, nämlich Effizienz und Fahrbarkeit Regelbasierte Druckregelstrategien sowie IOPM zeigen eine vergleichbare Performance. Basierend auf den entwickelten Off-line Power Management Strategien wird ein globaler Optimierungsansatz für die gleichzeitige Optimierung von Design-und Steuerungsparametern in diesem Beitrag entwickelt. Mit diesem Ansatz kann eine optimale Systemauslegung und deren Regelparameter an die angegebene Topologie für eine beliebige Fahrzeugklasse erreicht werden.The focus of this thesis is the optimal design and the optimal control of Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicles (HHV) to improve system desired characteristics, fuel consumption, and driveability. Despite the different optimal and sub-optimal power management strategies, typical challenging problems dealing with real-time applicability of the power management strategies particularly computational load and load cycle requirements are still discussing topics in this context. Based on the hydraulic components models as well as subsystems, typical HHV topologies are developed and verified compared to simulation results obtained from a technical software for the modeling of hydraulic systems. The parametric models can be used for the implementation of different optimal power management strategies. The core of the thesis is development, application, optimization, and evaluation of pressure control strategies, power management strategies, as well as the optimization of system design. Whereas rule-based pressure control strategies are sub-optimal approaches, fuel consumption and driveability in the form of reference velocity tracking are considered as the main criteria for a reasonable identical evaluation and comparison of optimized power management strategies developed within this thesis. In order to develop an on-line applicable optimal power management strategy, three types of multi-objective multi-parametric optimal control problems are developed and applied to the system. Hereby different optimization algorithms like Dynamic Programming (DP), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II), and Model Predictive Control (MPC) are applied. The main reason for the development of DP-based power management is the development of an off-line control trajectory in order to evaluate the performance of other developed algorithms. Subsequently, an Instantaneous Optimized Power Management (IOPM) based on the quasi-static model of the system is developed. This optimal power management operates based on instantaneous information about power demand without the consideration of time variation effects. The developed power management strategies significantly improve the system desired characteristics, namely efficiency and driveability. However, rulebased pressure control strategies as well as IOPM have comparable performances. Based on the developed off-line power management strategies, a global optimization approach for the simultaneous optimization of design and control parameters is developed within this contribution. Using this approach, optimal system design and control parameters related to the given topology for an arbitrary vehicle class can be achieved

Review and Comparison of Power Management Approaches for Hybrid Vehicles with Focus on Hydraulic Drives

The main advantage of hybrid powertrains is based on the efficient transfer of power and torque from power sources to the powertrain as well as recapturing of reversible energies without effecting the vehicle performance. The benefits of hybrid hydraulic powertrains can be better utilized with an appropriate power management. In this paper, different types of power management algorithms like off-line and on-line methods are briefly reviewed and classified. Finally, the algorithms are evaluated and compared. Therefore, different related criteria are evaluated and applied

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The Effects of Probiotic Supplements on Blood Markers of Endotoxin and Lipid Peroxidation in Patients Undergoing Gastric Bypass Surgery; a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial with 13Â Months Follow-Up

Background: The effect of probiotic supplements among subjects undergoing bariatric surgery indicates conflicting results. Moreover, whether these effects remain after ceasing the treatment remained to be elucidated. This study was conducted to assess the effect of probiotic supplements on blood markers of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides-binding protein: LBP), inflammation and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde: MDA) in patients with morbid obesity undergoing the one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). Methods: This study is a placebo-controlled, double-blind, and randomized clinical trial and 9 months of additional follow-up. Forty-six morbid obese patients undergoing OAGB were randomized to 4 months of probiotic or placebo supplements. Anthropometric indices and blood concentration of LBP, inflammatory markers, MDA, vitamin D3, and B 12 were measured at 0, 4, and 13 months of study. Results: Probiotic supplements could improve serum LBP (P = 0.039), TNF-α (P = 0.005), vitamin B 12 (P = 0.03), vitamin D3 (P = 0.001), and weight loss (P = 0.01) at month 4 in comparison to placebo; however, only serum MDA concentrations decreased significantly in the probiotic group compared with those in the placebo group (P = 0.013) at the end of follow-up period. Discussion: It was observed that 4 months probiotic supplementation compared with placebo prohibited an elevation in the LBP levels and improved serum TNF-α and 25-OH vitamin D3 concentrations and weight loss in patients undergoing the OAGB surgery. However, these effects did not persist 9 months after the cessation of the treatment. Further investigations are required to find how long supplementation and which dosage of it can benefit body status for the long-term. Trial Registration: This study has been registered at Clinicaltrial.gov with registration number NCT02708589. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Probiotic Supplementation in Morbid Obese Patients Undergoing One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass-Mini Gastric Bypass (OAGB-MGB) Surgery: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial

Background: Bariatric surgery is known as one of the most effective treatments for sustainable weight loss; however, it may be associated with some complications. This study was designed to examine the effects of probiotic supplementation on some morbidities related to this surgery. Methods: This was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial on morbid obese patients referred for One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass- Mini Gastric Bypass (OAGB-MGB) surgery to a tertiary referral center. Patients were assigned to receive a probiotic supplement (Familact®) or placebo from 4 weeks prior to surgery to 12 weeks after surgery. Anthropometric, biochemical, and inflammatory indices were evaluated at the beginning and the end of the study. Results: At the end of study, significant improvements in some serum inflammatory markers, vitamin D status, and anthropometric measurements were observed (p < 0.05), which were significantly more in probiotic group rather than placebo group (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant improvements in glycemic indices and lipid profile were observed in both groups; however, these changes were not significantly different between the groups. There was no significant difference in serum levels of vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine between groups at week 16 of the study. Discussion: Our results indicate that probiotic supplementation promotes inflammatory markers, body weight loss, and status of vitamin D in patients undergoing OAGB-MGB bypass. Whether these findings will sustain in longer treatment duration remained to be elucidated in future studies. Trial Registration: This study has been registered at Clinicaltrial.gov with registration number NCT02708589. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Probiotic Supplementation in Morbid Obese Patients Undergoing One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass-Mini Gastric Bypass (OAGB-MGB) Surgery: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial

Background: Bariatric surgery is known as one of the most effective treatments for sustainable weight loss; however, it may be associated with some complications. This study was designed to examine the effects of probiotic supplementation on some morbidities related to this surgery. Methods: This was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial on morbid obese patients referred for One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass- Mini Gastric Bypass (OAGB-MGB) surgery to a tertiary referral center. Patients were assigned to receive a probiotic supplement (Familact®) or placebo from 4 weeks prior to surgery to 12 weeks after surgery. Anthropometric, biochemical, and inflammatory indices were evaluated at the beginning and the end of the study. Results: At the end of study, significant improvements in some serum inflammatory markers, vitamin D status, and anthropometric measurements were observed (p < 0.05), which were significantly more in probiotic group rather than placebo group (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant improvements in glycemic indices and lipid profile were observed in both groups; however, these changes were not significantly different between the groups. There was no significant difference in serum levels of vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine between groups at week 16 of the study. Discussion: Our results indicate that probiotic supplementation promotes inflammatory markers, body weight loss, and status of vitamin D in patients undergoing OAGB-MGB bypass. Whether these findings will sustain in longer treatment duration remained to be elucidated in future studies. Trial Registration: This study has been registered at Clinicaltrial.govwith registration number NCT02708589. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Natur

Review and Comparison of Power Management Approaches for Hybrid Vehicles with Focus on Hydraulic Drives

The main advantage of hybrid powertrains is based on the efficient transfer of power and torque from power sources to the powertrain as well as recapturing of reversible energies without effecting the vehicle performance. The benefits of hybrid hydraulic powertrains can be better utilized with an appropriate power management. In this paper, different types of power management algorithms like off-line and on-line methods are briefly reviewed and classified. Finally, the algorithms are evaluated and compared. Therefore, different related criteria are evaluated and applied