Transformation of divergence theorem in dynamical fields

summary:In this paper we will study the flux and the divergence of vector in dynamical fields, on the basis of conventional divergence definition and using the conventional method to find the vector flux. We will reveal that vector flux and divergence of vector do not vanish in dynamical fields. In terms of conventional EM field formalism, we will show the changes appearing in dynamical fields

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF BELARUS STATE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES OF REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

The features of inclined force acting on 1D homogeneous elastic lumped line and corresponding modernisation of the wave equation

lumped line vibration

Technologies. Tools", 4 (1999), 4, pp.5-13 (in Russian). This is the second of a large cycle devoted to the new method to obtain the exact analytical solutions for vibrant elastic systems, both lumped and distributed. Though the material stated in it is quite simple, as well as the investigated problems, you can make sure from the presented solutions that in the exact analytical form and in all their completeness these solutions were not obtained up to now. It is important that we give the checks here that these solutions are exact and complete, and the connection between the lumped and distributed systems as well. Of a great importance is that in vibration systems we can pass from the lumped to distributed systems but in no case vice versa, as is conventional and in which the investigators are absolutely sure. Also important is that these results are basic for the further investigations which we carry out for much more complicated models. There we often refer to this introducing paper, so we decided to load it also to the Archive, to make its English version available for the English-language readers. You can read some of the further papers, visiting for free our electronic journal "SELF Transaction " at the UR

Explosive spread and high prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Togliatti City, Russia.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of antibodies to HIV (anti-HIV) and associated risk factors among injecting drug users (IDU) in Togliatti City, Samara Oblast, Russian Federation. DESIGN: An unlinked anonymous cross-sectional community recruited survey with oral fluid sample collection. METHODS: Between September and October 2001, 426 IDU were recruited by trained fieldworkers. Participants completed an interviewer administered questionnaire, and oral fluid samples were tested for anti-HIV. Univariate and multivariate analyses compared potential risk factors for anti-HIV. RESULTS: Anti-HIV prevalence was 56% (234/418). Three-quarters of anti-HIV-positive IDU (74%) were unaware of their positive status. In an adjusted model, the odds of HIV infection were higher among IDU who had ever injected home-produced drugs, who reported injecting with used needles and syringes in the past 4 weeks, and who were living in one particular district of the city (Komsomolksii). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of HIV, and a recent increase in HIV detected through routine screening tests since 2000, suggests that an explosive epidemic has occurred among IDU in Togliatti City. In the face of currently inadequate HIV prevention coverage among IDU, this has urgent implications for maximizing the distribution of sterile injecting equipment as well as for enhancing sexual risk reduction. Recognizing that it is likely that similar explosive epidemics are taking place in other Russian cities, we recommend community-wide HIV prevention coverage supported by city and state policies oriented to harm reduction