Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio is associated with Ascending Aorta Dilatation in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Background: The importance of monocyte count-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (MHR) in cardio- vascular diseases has been shown in various studies. Ascending aortic dilatation (AAD) is a common complication in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between MHR and the presence of aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Methods: The study population included totally 347 patients with bicuspid aortic valve.169 patients with aortic dilatation (ascending aorta diameter 65 4.0 cm) and 178 patients with no aortic dilatation. Echocardiographic and laboratory measurement was done and compared between groups. Results: The mean age of the participants was 44.7 \ub1 15.4 years and average ascending aorta diameter was 3.2 \ub1 0.3 cm in dilatation negative group and 4.4 \ub1 0.4 cm in positive group. MHR was significantly increased in in patients with aortic dilatation. MHR and uric acid level was independently associated with the presence of aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Conclusion: We found a significant relationship between MHR and aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve

Tractor hydraulic lifting system lifting capacity of three-point hitch calculation study design and lower arm

Traktörlerin genellikle arka kısmında olan hidrolik kaldırıcılar, diferansiyel üzerine monte edilmiş bir gövde, iki adet kaldırma kolu, ana mil, krank kolu, piston kolu, silindir, piston ve kontrol valfinden meydana gelen bir kaldırma sistemidir. Hidrolik kaldırıcının kollarından alınan kuvvet, üç nokta askı sistemi yardımı ile tarım alet ve ekipmanlarına iletilir. Üç nokta askı sistemi, tarım alet ve ekipmanlarının bağlanıp sökülmesini sağlaması yanında, kullanılan ekipmanların toprağı işlemesinde de büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu basit sistem sayesinde toprak uygun bir şekilde sürülür, uygun bir şekilde ekilir ve uygun bir şekilde toprakta yetiştirilen bitki biçilir. Bu işlemler yapılırken üç nokta askı sistemi elemanlarına, alet ve ekipmanların ağırlığı ve çeki kuvveti etki etmektedir.Bu tezde üç nokta askı sistemi kaldırma kapasitesi ve alt kaldırma kolu tasarımı incelenmiştir. Alt kaldırma kolu, bilgisayar destekli tasarım (CAD) programları ile modellenmiştir. Alt kaldırma kolu, kaldırma kuvveti ve çeki kuvveti göz önüne alınarak bilgisayar destekli analiz (CAA) programları ile analiz edilmiştir.Tractors usually at the back of hydraulic lifts, the differential is mounted on a body, two arms, the main shaft of the crank arm, connecting rod, cylinder, the piston and the control valve in the lifting system. The hydraulic lifter arms force, with the help of the three-point linkage system of agricultural tools and equipment are transmitted. Three-point linkage system, providing agricultural tools and equipment, connect to the removal as well as equipment used is of great importance in the functioning of the land. With this simple system is applied to a suitable ground, in accordance with the harvested plants are planted and grown in soil in accordance with. During these transactions, the three-point linkage system elements, tools and equipment weight and influence the draft force.In this thesis, three-point hitch lift capacity and lower lift arm design of the system are examined. Lower lift arm, computer-aided design (CAD) programs modeled. Lower lift arm, lift force, and taking into account the draft force the computer-aided analysis (CAA) programs have been analyzed

Relation énergie-économie et régulation environnementale en présence de l'économie non-enregistrée

This PhD thesis including five manuscripts and a brief international comparison analysis proposes a multi-field study on the economic and environmental effects of energy consumption. It first investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Turkey and then offers a new methodology for the estimation of unrecorded economy based on environmental data. The thesis develops also asymmetric information models, where the regulator does not know the true emission level of each firm that it wishes to regulate, so as to examine to what extend different enforcement mechanisms affect incentives for the firms to reduce polluting emissions and to invest in clean energy technologies. In order to provide a complete insight on the effects of both fiscal and environmental enforcement policies, some similar analysis are conducted taking into account the existence of unrecorded economy. The results in this thesis essentially show that: first, energy conservation policies can be implemented in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without any adverse effect on the recorded economic activities; second, different audit mechanisms should be used depending on the environmental objective of the enforcement agency; third, in some cases, environmental regulations may increase the size of unrecorded economy; fourth, economic policies to combat unrecorded economy may not serve as a complement to energy conservation policies.Cette thèse de doctorat comprenant cinq manuscrits et une brève analyse comparative internationale, propose une étude pluridisciplinaire sur les effets économiques et environnementaux de la consommation d'énergie. Elle étudie d'abord la relation de causalité entre la croissance économique et la consommation d'énergie en Turquie, puis offre une nouvelle méthodologie pour l'estimation de l'économie non enregistrée basée sur des données environnementales. La thèse développe également des modèles d'information asymétrique, où le régulateur ne connaît pas le véritable niveau d'émission de chaque entreprise qu'il souhaite réguler, afin d'examiner à quel point différents mécanismes de mise en application affectent incitations des firmes pour réduire leurs émissions polluantes et investir en technologies d'énergie propre. Afin de fournir un aperçu complet des effets des politiques de mise en application fiscale et environnementale, des analyses similaires ont été effectuées prenant en considération l'existence de l'économie non enregistrée. Les résultats montrent essentiellement que: premièrement, des politiques d'économies d'énergie peuvent être mises en application pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre sans effet nuisible sur les activités économiques enregistrées; deuxièmement, différents mécanismes de contrôle doivent être employés selon l'objectif environnemental de l'agence d'application; troisièmement, dans certains cas, les règlements environnementaux peuvent augmenter la taille de l'économie non enregistrée; quatrièmement, la politique économique pour combattre l'économie non enregistrée peut ne pas servir de complément aux politiques d'économies d'énergie

Energy consumption and economic growth revisited: Does the size of unrecorded economy matter?

We analyze the long-run relationship between energy consumption and real gross domestic product (GDP) in Turkey taking into account the size of unrecorded economy. Since in developing countries, mainly due to the unrecorded economic activities, the official GDP is not measured correctly, the investigation of the linkage between energy consumption and official GDP may not give reliable results. In this study, empirical results for the case of Turkey over the period 1970-2005 suggest that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between the officially calculated GDP and energy consumption. Besides, using the error-correction modeling technique, we find out that unidirectional causality runs from official GDP to energy in both short and long runs. However, when we take into account unrecorded economy, we detect neither cointegration nor causality between energy consumption and true GDP. These empirical findings imply that: first, energy conservation policies can be implemented in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without any adverse effect on the recorded economic activities; second the production function in the unrecorded economy is not stable. Furthermore, economic policies to combat unrecorded economy may not serve as a complement to energy conservation policies.

Environmental regulation in the presence of unrecorded economy

Unrecorded economic activities have an important weight, especially in developing countries where environmental regulations are gradually pursued. Both theoretical and empirical studies on the subject which do not take into account the existence of unrecorded economy may not provide a complete insight on the effects of both fiscal and environmental enforcement policies. After a brief review of the relevant literature, this paper develops an economic model to analyze the potential impacts of environmental regulatory policies on the size of unrecorded economy. Two dierent cases are considered: first, firms' emissions and productions are audited with exogenous probabilities which may be different from each other; second, a unique probability-to-audit function is determined to audit both emissions and productions of firms whether in recorded or unrecorded economy. The form of this function is specied using the cointegration technique. The results in this paper essentially show that environmental regulations may increase the size of unrecorded economy. The paper also attempts to give a precise limit value for the environmental tax rate exceeding which may induce a rise in the extent of unrecorded activities.Environmental taxation; Unrecorded economy; Duopolistic competition

How many times again will we examine the energy-income nexus using a limited range of traditional econometric tools?

During the last three decades, following closely the developments in econometric theory, energy and environmental economists have empirically examined the energy-income nexus for different countries and time periods. However, today, in spite of the growing interest in this area, the state of knowledge is still controversial and unsettled. This viewpoint paper attempts to highlight some of the issues related to the existing literature on the long-run relationship and causality between energy consumption and economic growth. In particular, it discusses how it is difficult to make policy recommendations on the basis of inconsistent and conflicting results in the published literature on the subject. In order to do so, the paper first illustrates the increasing trend in the number of studies published in this area providing also a brief comparison of the conventional methods used to estimate the energy-income nexus. It then deals with new directions and different viewpoints on the same issue.Energy Income Econometrics

Examining the link between carbon dioxide emissions and the share of industry in GDP: Modeling and testing for the G-7 countries

In this paper, the relationship between per capita CO2 emissions and the share of industrial value added in gross domestic product (GDP) for the G-7 countries is discussed using a novel approach. It is assumed that per capita CO2 emissions are correspondent to the share of industrial value added in GDP. A model is developed using hidden Markov process to search this initial assumption. In the model, the data for industrial share in GDP are assigned to be the observations, while the data for per capita CO2 emissions represent the hidden process, which may be then predicted using the ratio of industrial value added to GDP. The data set covers the period from 1970 to 2008 and the model is tested for the G-7 countries. The study findings show that, except in the case of Canada, the hidden Markov model performs reasonably well in tracking per capita CO2 emissions. The study results provide also a basis for a number of policy implications.Carbon emissions Industrial production Hidden Markov models

The Role of Continuous Intraday Electricity Markets: The Integration of Large-Share Wind Power Generation in Denmark

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Indirect Taxes, Social Expenditures and Poverty: What Linkage?

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