The relationships between interest rates and inflation changes: An analysis of long-term interest rate dynamics in developing countries

Interest rates lie at the centre of monetary policy, not just as passive reflectors on money supply but rather as one of the main policy instruments. Interest rates have played a central role macroeconomic policy. In developing countries, interest rates have also enjoyed high popularity as policy instruments. For instance, high interest rate has been an essential component of many stabilization programs in countries with chronic inflation during the 1980s. This paper deals with theoretical and empirical aspects of the interactions between interest rates and inflation in developing countries. In the theoretical part reviewing literature revealed that many researchers argue that increasing inflation rate results in increasing interest rate. It is also argued that increasing product costs by increasing interest rate raises product’s prices and consequently inflation. This research examines the causal relationship between the interest rate and inflation rate in a panel of 40 selected Islamic countries using new causality approach and applying panel data methodology over the 2002 – 2005 periods. The results of this study show a unidirectional causality from interest rate to inflation rate in 40 Islamic countries. The findings have practical policy implications for decision makers in the area of macroeconomic planning particularly in Islamic countries. The results imply that banks must reduce interest rate to decrease the inflation

Management Strategies of Agricultural Production Units to Deal with Ecological Changes of Urmia Lake (Case Study: Azar Shahr)

Climate change and global warming has caused environmental problems in many areas of the world. The critical situations of Urmia Lake resulted from these factors, also improper management of human and natural resources, Therefore, had a significant impact on agricultural business. If the farmers don’t have the capacity for dealing with the risks posed by climate change, irreparable damages to the agriculture sector will be entered. So identify management strategies in the agricultural division to deal with the threats and eliminate weaknesses and strengthen the system and opportunities is essential. This research in the Azar-Shahr region as one of the important agricultural areas in East Azarbaijan province, In order to identify the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, as internal and  external environment of agricultural production unit in the face of ecological changes in Lake Urmia was carried out. This research in terms of goal is applied and methodology is Descriptive and analytical. The statistical society will comprise experts in the field of agriculture and the status of the Urmia Lake with sufficient knowledge and experience. Reagard to select the samples, non-probability and purposive method was used. Targeted selecting of samples as snowball sampling method was utilized. In this study, the SWOT model was used to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and IEF and EFE matrix formation and development of strategies was conducted. Based on the results, management strategies, and so proper and compatible patterns with the ecological and climatic condition were determined

Strategic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises.

NoIn most countries, statistics show that 99% of businesses are classified as ?small businesses?. In the UK alone, 99.8% of businesses employ less than 250 staff and these companies contribute more than a half of the UK's turnover. This new textbook goes where other strategic management texts have not and focuses on these small and medium size enterprises (SMEs), rather than focussing on large corporations and the actions of their CEOs. The authors consider how managers of small firms perceive the processes associated with strategic management, what decisions and actions they adopt to ensure competitive advantage, how business strategies are formulated and implemented in SMEs, and what the strategic role of entrepreneurship within small businesses is. They also discuss how SMEs should act for maximum competitive advantage, and consider the ?gap? between ideal theory and practice. This unique textbook will be essential for students on Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Enterprise modules at undergraduate and Masters level, and will also be useful on core modules in Strategy, Business Policy and Strategic Management at all levels