Crossing the Border Line: Interpreting Federal Drug Trafficking Statutes in United States v. Londono-Villa

Bu çalışmanın amacı koyunlarda phlorizin uygulamasının serum lipid profili ve oksidatif stres indikatörleri üzerine etkinliğini araştırmaktı. Çalışmada 10 adet laktasyonda ve gebe olmayan koyun kullanıldı. Phlorizin 100 mg/kg dozunda her koyuna derialtı yolla enjekte edildi. Çalışma öncesi ve sonrasında koyunların canlı ağırlık (CA) ve sırt yağı kalınlığı (SYK) ölçüldü. Çalışmadan önceki (0. saat) ve sonraki 12., 24., 48., 72. ve 120. saatlerde alınan kan örneklerinde hematolojik analizler ve lipid profilini içeren biyokimyasal parametreler ve oksidatif stres indikatörleri analiz edildi. Aynı saatlerde idrar örnekleri de analiz edildi. Histopatolojik muayene için, çalışmadan 24 saat önce ve sonra iki adet koyundan karaciğer biyopsi örnekleri alındı. Çalışma sonucunda, phlorizinin ortalama CA, SYK, total lökosit (WBC), insülin, glukoz, kan üre nitrojen (BUN), kreatinin, trigliserit (TG), alkalen fosfataz (ALP), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH), total oksidan seviye (TOS) ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değerlerini önemli ölçüde azalttığı (p&lt;0.05) ve ortalama trombosit (PLT), hemoglobin (Hgb), esterleşmemiş yağ asitleri (NEFA) değerlerini ise önemli oranda artırdığı belirlendi (p&lt;0.05). İdrar örneklerinde proteinüri ve glikozüri tespit edildi. Histopatolojik muayenede, phlorizin uygulamasından sonra hepatositlerin sitoplazmalarındaki yağ vakuollerinin sayısında azalma görüldü. Bu çalışma koyunlarda phlorizinin antihiperglisemik, antihiperlipidemik ve antioksidan olarak önerilebileceğini gösterdi.The aim of this study was analyse the effect of phlorizin application on serum lipid prophile and oxidative stres indicators in sheep. Ten non-lactating and non-pregnant sheep were used in this study. Phlorizin was subcutanously injected at a dosage of 100 mg/kg to each animal. Body weight (BW) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Hematological, biochemical parameters including lipid prohile, and oxidative stress indicators were analysed in blood samples obtained before (0th hour) and 12., 24., 48., 72. and 120th hours after the study. Urine samples were analysed at the same time intervals. Liver biopsy materials were obtained from two sheep 24 hours before and after the study for histopathological examinations. Results indicate that phlorizin significantly decreased the mean BW, SFT, total leukocyte (WBC), insulin, glucose, blood urea nitrogene (BUN), creatinin, triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total oxidative status (TOS) ve oksidative stres index (OSI) values (p&lt;0.05), and significantly increased the mean platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (Hgb) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) values (p&lt;0.05). Proteinuria and glycosuria were determined in urine samples. Histopathological examinations revealed a progressive decrease in cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles of hepatocytes after phlorizin administration. This study suggests that phlorizin could be proposed as an antihyperglycemic, antihiperlipidemic and antioxidant agent in sheep.&nbsp;</p

Geni potencijalne virulencije i profili antibiotske rezistencije bakterije campylobacter jejuni izolirane iz mačaka

Daily contact with cats is an important risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. The main goal of this study was to investigate the virulence genes and antibiotic resistances of C. jejuni isolated from the stools of cats brought to Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Training and Research Hospital Clinics. In the study, feces taken from different breeds and ages (1 month to 9 years) of 200 (116 female, 84 male) cats were examined between May 2017 and April 2018. Campylobacter spp. isolates were identified at genus and species level using genus specific multiplex PCR (mPCR), and the existence of iam, cadF, cdtA, flaA, ceuE, cdtC, cdtB and virB11 genes were found by PCR. The antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resitance (MDR) of the isolates were determined by disc diffusion test. By means of Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR), the genetic relativeness of the isolates were revealed. In this study, 41 (20.5%) of 200 stool samples were shown to be positive for Campylobacter spp. in the isolation of Campylobacter spp. from stool samples. In the positive samples, 14 of 22 (63.6%) were from diarhoeic cats and 27 of 178 (15.1%) were non-diarhoeic cats. Also, in total 71 Campylobacter spp. suspicious isolates were recovered from the 41 positive samples obtained. Phenotypic tests and PCR revealed that 65 isolates (20 from diarrhoeic and 45 from non-diarhoeic cat isolates) were identified as C. jejuni. The differences in isolation rate in relation to sex or age were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In terms of virulence genes, all C. jejuni isolates harbored at least five virulence genes. All isolates were positive for the cadF, cdtC and ceuE genes, respectively. C. jejuni isolates contained iam, cadF, cdtA, flaA, ceuE, cdtC, cdtB and virB11, at the rate of 19 (29.2%), 65 (100%), 64 (98.4), 54 (83%), 65 (100%), 65 (100%), 64 (98.4%) and 22 (33.8%) respectively. Moreover, cdtA and cdtB toxin genes were found in most of the isolates analysed. All C. jejuni isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin clavulanic acid. The highest resistances of the isolates were found as follows; 64 (98.4%), 63 (96.9%), 62 (95.3%) for ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nalidixic acid (NA) antibiotics, respectively. Multiple resistance of isolates was detected in the present study. Sixty-one (93.8%) out of 65 isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics, and the highest resistance levels to three and seven antimicrobials were observed in 23.1% and 15.3% of the isolates respectively. In the study, C. jejuni isolates were resistant to most antibiotics currently used, and had extraordinary virulence traits in cats which may constitute a non-negligible risk for public health.Svakodnevni kontakt s mačkama znatan je čimbenik rizika za kampilobakteriozu u ljudi. Glavni je cilj ovoga rada bio istražiti gene virulencije i antibiotsku rezistenciju bakterije C. jejuni izolirane iz izmeta mačaka dovedenih na Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Training and Research Hospital Clinics. Izmet je uzet od 200 mačaka (116 ženki i 84 mužjaka) različitih pasmina i dobi (1 mjesec do 9 godina), od svibnja 2017. do travnja 2018. Izolati Campylobacter spp. identificirani su na razini roda i vrste primjenom genski specifičnog multipleks PCR-a (mPCR) kojim je ustanovljena prisutnost gena iam, cadF, cdtA, flaA, ceuE, cdtC, cdtB i virB11. Antimikrobna rezistencija i otpornost na širok spektar lijekova (MDR) izolata određeni su disk-difuzijskim testom. Primjenom Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) otkriveni su genski srodnici izolata. U ovom je istraživanju 41 (20,5 %) od 200 uzoraka izmeta bio pozitivan na Campylobacter spp. Među pozitivnim uzorcima njih 14 od 22 (63,6 %) potjecalo je od mačaka koje su imale proljev, a 27 od 178 (15,1 %) uzoraka bilo je od mačaka koje nisu imale proljev. Fenotipski testovi i PCR pokazali su da je 65 izolata (20 od njih potjecalo je od mačaka koje su imale proljev i 45 od mačaka koje nisu imale proljev) identificirano kao C. jejuni. Razlike u broju izolata s obzirom na spol i dob nisu bile statistički znakovite (P > 0,05). Svi izolati C. jejuni imali su barem pet gena virulencije i bili pozitivni na gene cadF, cdtC i ceuE. Gen iam sadržavalo je 19 izolata C. jejuni (29,2 %), gen cadF 65 izolata (100 %), gen cdtA 64 izolata (98,4 %), gen flaA 54 izolata (83 %), gen ceu E 65 izolata (100 %), gen cdtC 65 izolata (100 %), gen cdtB 64 izolata (98,4 %) i gen virB11 22 izolata (33,8 %). Geni toksina cdtA i cdtB pronađeni su u većini analiziranih izolata. Svi su izolati C. jejuni bili osjetljivi na amoksicilin-klavulansku kiselinu. Najveća rezistencija bila je: 64 izolata (98, 4 %) na ciprofloksacin (CIP), 63 izolata (96,9 %) na trimetoprim- sulfametoksazol (SXT) i 62 izolata (95,3 %) na nalidiksičnu kiselinu (NA). U ovom je istraživanju ustanovljena višestruka rezistencija izolata. 61 od 65 izolata (93,8 %) bilo je otporno na tri ili više antibiotika, a najveća je otpornost utvrđena na tri antimikrobna lijeka u 23,1 % izolata i na sedam antimikrobnih lijekova u 15,3 % izolata. Istraživanjem je ustanovljena otpornost izolata C. jejuni na većinu antibiotika koji se trenutačno primjenjuju te iznimna svojstva virulencije u mačaka, koja mogu imati određeni rizik za javno zdravstvo

Küçük Ruminantların Viral Enfeksiyonları

Louping ill (LI), koyun ve kırmızı orman tavuğunun yanı sıra, sığır, geyik, köpek, lama, alpaka,domuz, keçi ve atlarda da hastalığa neden olan, kenelerle bulaşan, viral kaynaklı, zoonoz bir hastalıktır.Endemik bölgelerde bulunan koyun sürülerinde duruş bozukluğu, ataksi, arka kısım felci, koma gibi nörolojik belirtilere ve ölüme neden olabilmektedir. Kayıpların büyük çoğunluğu ise maternal antikorlarlauzun süre korunamayan ve aşılanmamış genç hayvanlarda meydana gelmektedir. Sunulan derlemedeLouping ill hastalığının dünü, bugünü, hastalığın klinik belirtileri, korunma ve tedavi yöntemleri elealınmıştır.&nbsp;</p