Identifikacija ptičjih vrsta lančanom reakcijom polimerazom i analizom slijeda mitohondrijskoga gena 12S rRNA

Authentic identification and differentiation of avian species is a vital step in conservative, taxonomic, forensic, legal and other ornithological interventions. The present investigation involved the application of molecular biological approach to identify and differentiate avian species i.e. two species of birds, namely black kite (Milvus migrans) and parakeet (Psittacula krameri). The DNA was isolated from blood samples of each species and a part of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were sequenced and aligned using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) of the GenBank (NCBI). Based on the alignment and similarity/divergence, these avian species were accurately identified and differentiated.Autentična identifikacija i razlikovanje ptičjih vrsta od presudnoga su značenja u različitim konzervirajućim, taksonomskim, sudbenim, zakonskim i drugim ornitološkim aktivnostima. Ovo istraživanje bavi se molekularnobiološkim pristupom identifikaciji i razlikovanja dviju ptičjih vrsta: crvenkaste lunje (sokola) (Milvus migrans) i papige (Psittacula krameri). DNA je bila izdvojena iz uzoraka njihove krvi te je dio mitohondrijskoga 12S rRNA bio umnožen lančanom reakcijom polimerazom. Proizvodi PCR-a bili su sekvencirani i analizirani upotrebom Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) genske banke GenBank (NCBI). Na osnovi sličnosti odnosno različitosti nalaza identificirane su te dvije pretraživane vrste

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Not AvailableMastitis has emerged as one of the major managemental diseases of economic importance of high yielding dairy cows. A cross sectional study was carried out on 116 cross-bred dairy cows of small scale dairy farms; subclinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 22 animals. Of the 88 individual quarter’s milk tested using California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) tests, 51 quarters showed SCM. Quarter-wise prevalence of SCM was 29.4, 31.4, 23.5 and 15.7 per cent in right-fore (RF), right-hind, left-fore and left-hind quarters, respectively. Fore-and right-quarters showed higher prevalence of SCM than hind- and left- quarters. All 4 quarters were found affected with SCM in 47 per cent cows followed by 3-, 1- and 2- quarters. Staphylococci were isolated and confirmed using 16S rRNA gene based genus-specific PCR in 39.2% of SCM affected quarters. Virulence associated nuc gene was detected in 75% of Staphylococcus isolates indicating their potential pathogenicity. Antibiogram showed multiple drug resistance in 63.6% of Staphylococci. Multiple antimicrobial resistance was recorded in 31.8% isolates. However, none of the isolate carried mecA gene. Interventions, viz. clean milk production practices, antimicrobial therapy and non-specific supportive treatments resulted in 77.7, 50 and 38.8% reductions in SCM compared to the untreated control (37.5%). This study accentuated higher prevalence of SCM among dairy cattle and predominance of Staphylococcus as the major mastitogen. Early detection and management of SCM among dairy cattle is recommended so as to prevent its progression to clinical illness and curtail potential economic loss to farmers.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSmall ruminants (sheep and goat) immensely contribute to the Indian meat food basket; yet regional preference for either sheep or goat meat varies. Owing to the differences in the market prices, these two closely resembling species meats are often misrepresented interchangeably. Prevention of such fraudulent practices requires authentic and sensitive speciation tools. A novel mitochondrial D-loop based species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was developed for the precise detection of origin of sheep and goat meats. Species-specific primers (SSP-G and SSP-S) developed for PCR in this study amplify 229 and 425 base pairs products specific to goat and sheep species. An additional herteroplasmic PCR product of size 350 bp was evident only in sheep. Primers designed in this study were checked for the absence of cross-species amplification in closely related animal species and was successfully applied for the authentication of a forensic case. Our results indicated prerogative applications of the novel species-specific PCR for the authentic identification of origin of sheep and goat species thereby aiding in the prevention of the menace of misrepresentation of meatsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableSubclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the major economic diseases of dairy cows. In the present cross-sectional study, dairy cows (n=205) of small holding dairy farms were screened using California mastitis test (CMT) and prevalence of 12.19% was recorded. Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbred cows showed highest CMT score of 2 followed by 3, 1 and T; linear scores of somatic cell counts (SCC) of 3.14±0.08, 4.72±0.25, 6.17±0.12, 7.99±0.11 and 9.84±0.45 were observed for CMT scores N, T, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Risk factors associated with SCM were studied in 25 randomly selected cows. Staphylococcus species were detected in 54% of quarters based on PCR amplification of 16s rRNA gene; thermonuclease (nuc gene) PCR categorized Staphylococcus species as S. aureus (SA, 37%) and non-aureus Staphylococci (NAS, 26%). Significant association between CMT score 2 and Staphylococcus species was established. Staphylococcus species, SA and NAS, were detected in 30.7, 20.5 and 17.9% of SCM negative as well as 68.85, 47.54 and 31.14% SCM positive quarters, respectively. Significant association between SCM and Staphylococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus was observed. Study indicated strong association between SCM, Staphylococcus aureus and certain risk factors among cows reared under small holding dairy farms of the tropical region.Not Availabl

Occupational zoonoses in zoo and wildlife veterinarians in India: A review

Zoos and biological parks are considered as a hub for public ecreation and education. This is highlighted by the fact that visitors to the zoos are increasing year by year and they generate sizeable revenue. Veterinary professionals play a pivotal role in health management of wild animals in zoos and biological parks. Since veterinarians work in close contact with wild animals, there is a potential risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases from wild animals to humans and vice versa. There are approximately 1415 infectious agents causing diseases in humans, out of which 868 (61%) are known to be zoonotic in nature. It is also important to note that more than 70% of the emerging zoonotic diseases have wild animals as reservoir hosts. The major zoonotic diseases that are transmitted from wild animals to humans include rabies, anthrax, leptospirosis, Q-fever, psittacosis, hendra virus, nipah virus, herpes B encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, etc. Hence, it is imperative for veterinarians and zoo staff to be fully aware of the knowledge pertaining to the source, transmission, pathogenicity, treatment and control of zoonotic diseases. In this manuscript, we provide key information regarding zoonotic diseases and also recommend important measures for their control and prevention. The information provided here will be highly beneficial for personnel who work in close association with wild animal