Networking Behavior in Thin Film and Nanostructure Growth Dynamics

Thin film coatings have been essential in development of several micro and nano-scale devices. To realize thin film coatings various deposition techniques are employed, each yielding surface morphologies with different characteristics of interest. Therefore, understanding and control of the surface growth is of great interest. In this paper, we devise a novel network-based modeling of the growth dynamics of such thin films and nano-structures. We specifically map dynamic steps taking place during the growth to components (e.g., nodes, links) of a corresponding network. We present initial results showing that this network-based modeling approach to the growth dynamics can simplify our understanding of the fundamental physical dynamics such as shadowing and re-emission effects

Sürekli mıknatıslı senkron motorun doğrusal olmayan ve uyarlamalı geri adımlı hız denetimi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Sürekli Mıknatıslı Senkron Motor (SMSM)’lar, doğru akım motorları ve asenkron motorlar gibi diğer elektrik motorlarına göre, daha verimli, daha uzun ömürlü ve daha yüksek güç yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Böyle önemli üstünlüklerinden dolayı, SMSM’lar hız ve konum denetim uygulamaları başta olmak üzere ev uygulamaları, robotlar ve elektrikli taşıtlar gibi çok çeşitli alanlarda yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, her elektromekanik sistem gibi, SMSM’lar da çalışma esnasında ölçülemeyen dış bozuculara ve parametre değişimlerine maruz kalmaktadır. Elektriksel parametreler sıcaklık ve manyetik doyum etkileri, mekanik parametreler ise uygulanan yük momenti ile çalışma esnasında değişmektedir. Bu bakış açısı altından, SMSM’ların parametre ve dış bozucu belirsizlikleri içeren doğrusal olmayan dinamiklere sahip olduğu açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. Sabit kazançlı doğrusal denetleyiciler parametre değişimleri ve dış bozuculara karşı duyarlı oldukları için, SMSM’un hız ve/veya konum denetiminde yüksek performans gereksinimlerini karşılayamayabilirler. Bu tez çalışmasında, belirsiz SMSM’un yüksek performanslı hız izleme denetimi için, iki farklı ve yeni doğrusal olmayan ve uyarlamalı geri adımlı denetleyici tasarımları önerilmektedir. İlk denetleyici dört parametre belirsizliği altında ve ikinci denetleyici beş parametre belirsizliği altında tasarlanmıştır. Her iki denetleyici tasarımında da yük momenti belirsiz kabul edilmiştir. İkinci denetleyici, ilk denetleyicinin sahip olduğu bazı sakıncalara sahip değildir, bu yüzden sadece ikinci denetleyicinin gerçek zamanlı uygulaması yapılmıştır. Bu denetleyici tasarımında, kutup sayısı hariç olmak üzere diğer tüm parametreler ile yük momentinin bilinmediği kabul edilmekte ve bütün doğrusal olmayan dinamikler göz önüne alınmaktadır. Her iki denetleyici tasarımı için, kapalı çevrim denetim sisteminde SMSM’u besleyen üç fazlı akımlar ve rotor hızı ölçülmekte ve geri beslenmektedir. Uygun Lyapunov fonksiyonlarının seçimi ile parametre tahmin yasaları ve denetim girişleri tasarlanmaktadır. Tasarlanan denetleyiciler parametre aşımı ve sonsuzluk hatası sakıncalarına sahip değildir. Ayrıca, denetleyici tasarımlarında bağlanım matrisleri kullanılmamakta ve dolayısıyla tasarım karmaşıklığı azalmaktadır. Kararlılık analizi sonuçlarına göre, kapalı çevrim denetim sistemleri genel asimptotik kararlılığa sahiptir ve kapalı çevrim denetim sistemlerindeki tüm işaretler sınırlı kalmaktadır. Kutup-sıfır yok etme ve ayrıştırma tabanlı bir oransal-integral (PI) denetleyici tasarımı yapılmış ve ardından bu iki denetleyici arasında (önerilen ve PI) bir performans analizi de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Simülasyon çalışmaları temelinde yapılan performans analizine göre, önerilen yöntemin daha az model bilgisine ihtiyaç duyduğu, belirsizliklere karşı daha dayanıklı olduğu ve sonuçta genel olarak daha yüksek performansa sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Deneysel çalışma sonuçları, herhangi bir başlangıç koşulu için, zamanla değişen bir referans hız profilinin asimptotik olarak yüksek performanslı bir şekilde izlendiğini, SMSM ve yük dinamiklerindeki tüm belirsizliklere karşı dayanıklılık sağlandığını ve önerilen denetleyicinin uygulanabilir olduğunu ispatlamaktadır.Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) have high efficiency, long life and high power density over the other kinds of electric motors such as direct current motors and induction motors. By virtue of these superiorities, PMSMs are widely used in, primarily position and speed control, various fields such as home applications, robotics and electric vehicles. However, as all electromechanical systems, PMSMs are also subject to parameter variations and immeasurable external disturbances in the course of operation. During operation, electrical parameters vary with temperature and magnetic saturation effects, as for mechanical parameters, they vary with applied load torque. From this perspective, it is clearly understood that PMSMs have the nonlinear dynamics containing parameter and external disturbance uncertainties. Since fixed gain linear controllers are sensitive to parameter variations and external disturbances, they may fail to meet the high performance requirements for position and/or speed tracking control of PMSMs. In this thesis study, two different and novel nonlinear and adaptive backstepping controller designs are proposed for high performance speed tracking control of an uncertain PMSM. The first controller design takes four parameter uncertainties into account and five parameter uncertainties are considered in the second controller design. Load torque is supposed to be uncertain in both controller designs. The second controller does not possess some drawbacks that the first controller has, for this reason; real time implementation of the second controller is only carried out. In this controller design, except for the pole pairs, all the other parameters together with load torque are assumed uncertain and all the nonlinear dynamics are taken into consideration. For both controller designs, in the closed loop control system, three phase currents feeding the PMSM and rotor speed are available for feedback. Control inputs and parameter estimation laws are designed by choosing appropriate Lyapunov functions. Proposed controllers do not have the drawbacks of singularity and overparameterization. In addition, regression matrices are not used in the design of the controllers and thereby the design complexity decreases. According to the result of the stability analysis, the closed loop control systems are globally asymptotically stable and all the signals in the closed loop control system stay bounded. The design of PI controller is carried out based on decoupling and pole-zero cancellation, and afterwards a performance analysis between these two controllers, the proposed and PI, is also concluded. According to the results of the performance analysis based on simulation studies, it is understood that the proposed controller requires less model knowledge, ensures more robustness against uncertainties and hence has a higher performance in general. The results of the experimental studies demonstrate, whatever the initial conditions, that the proposed controller ensures high performance asymptotic tracking of a time varying reference speed profile, robustness against all the uncertainties in both PMSM and load dynamics respectively and hence feasibility of the proposed controller

Fast Adaptive Robust Differentiator Based Robust-Adaptive Control of Grid-Tied Inverters with a New L Filter Design Method

In this research, a new nonlinear and adaptive state feedback controller with a fast-adaptive robust differentiator is presented for grid-tied inverters. All parameters and external disturbances are taken as uncertain in the design of the proposed controller without the disadvantages of singularity and over-parameterization. A robust differentiator based on the second order sliding mode is also developed with a fast-adaptive structure to be able to consider the time derivative of the virtual control input. Unlike the conventional backstepping, the proposed differentiator overcomes the problem of explosion of complexity. In the closed-loop control system, the three phase source currents and direct current (DC) bus voltage are assumed to be available for feedback. Using the Lyapunov stability theory, it is proven that the overall control system has the global asymptotic stability. In addition, a new simple L filter design method based on the total harmonic distortion approach is also proposed. Simulations and experimental results show that the proposed controller assurances drive the tracking errors to zero with better performance, and it is robust against all uncertainties. Moreover, the proposed L filter design method matches the total harmonic distortion (THD) aim in the design with the experimental result

Mobility performance of macrocell-assisted small cells in Manhattan model

Macrocell-assisted small cell concepts, such as "Phantom cell concept" and "soft cell concept", have been proposed previously for interference management, flexible cell planning, and energy saving in dense small cell deployments. These concepts require macrocell involvement to improve links between small cell and user. Since target implementation areas of the concepts are crowded urban areas (e.g. downtown New York City) to satisfy the data need, more realistic simulations are needed to be implemented compared to conventional evaluations. In this paper, as a new approach to urban area LTE simulations, Manhattan grid layout is presented and implemented for mobility performance of Macrocell-assisted small Cell concept. The results show that the macrocell involvement to improve mobility performance gives a great advantage compared to using the conventional mobility solution for dense small cell deployments

Fournier's gangrene: etiology, treatment outcomes and factors affecting mortality in 38 patients

Aim: Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a rare, rapidly progressing and life-threatening disease of the genital, perianal and perineal regions. We aimed to evaluate etiological parameters, accompanying diseases, current treatment methods and factors affecting mortality in patients with FG. Method: The medical records of 38 patients who were operated by the same team with a diagnosis of FG from December 2015 to January 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Those patients were divided into two groups: survivors (Group 1), and non-survivors (Group 2). Comparisons were made regarding clinical and demographic features; comorbid diseases; leukocyte count at first presentation; etiological factors; treatment outcomes; and mortality rates. Results: Thirty-eight patients (24 males, 14 females) were evaluated; mean age was 60.2 ± 13.2 years. While 76.3% (n = 29) of these patients recovered with treatment, the total mortality rate was 23.7% (n = 9). The most common cause of the FG and comorbidity were anorectal diseases (n = 22; 57.9%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 21; 55.3%), respectively. Female gender, septic shock, necrosis, abdominal wall and lumbar region involvement, chronic renal failure, FG development secondary to postoperative complications and ostomy rates were higher in non-survivors. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding leukocyte count at first presentation, number of debridement, dressing methods, reconstruction methods, and length of hospital stay. Conclusions: Female gender, presence of septic shock and necrosis on physical examination, involvement of the abdominal wall and lumbar region in addition to the perianal region, chronic renal failure, disease secondary to postoperative complications and the necessity of ostomy play an important role in mortality

Yüksek Frekans DA/DA Senkron Yükselten Dönüştürücü Tasarımı

Günümüz teknolojilerindeki hızlı gelişmeler, endüstriyel veya bireysel tüketicilerin mobil cihazlara olan ilgisini arttırmakta ve buna bağlı olarak Doğru Akım (DA) kullanımı da yaygınlaşmaktadır. DA kullanımına olan talebin büyümesi temel yarı iletken güç dönüştürücülerinden biri olan DA-DA dönüştürücülerin önemini de arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yüksek frekanslı (280kHz) darbe genişlik modülasyon kontrollü (PWM) DA-DA senkron yükselten dönüştürücü tasarımı ve uygulaması gerçekleştirilmektedir. Tasarım ve uygulama aşamasında yüksek frekans ile çalışmanın meydana getirmiş olduğu problemler, kontrol katı ve güç katı olmak üzere ayrı ayrı değerlendirilerek, iyileştirme yöntemleri yarı iletken elemanlar ve baskı devre yapısı üzerinde uygulanarak deneysel olarak gözlemlenmiştir

The efficacy of HBOC-201 in ex situ gradual rewarming kidney perfusion in a rat model

Gradual rewarming from hypothermic to normothermic is a novel perfusion modality with superior outcome to sudden rewarming to normothermic. However, the identification of an oxygen carrier that could function at a temperature range from 4 to 7 degrees C or whether it is necessary to use oxygen carrier during kidney rewarming, remains unresolved. This study was designed to test the use of a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) during gradual kidney rewarming as an alternative to simple dissolved oxygen. In this study, 10 rat kidneys were randomly divided into the control and the HBOC group. In the control group, no oxygen carrier was used during rewarming perfusion and the perfusion solution was oxygenated only by applying diffused carbogen flow. The protocol mimicked a donor after circulatory death (DCD) kidney transplantation, where after 30 minutes warm ischemia and 120 minutes cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution, the DCD kidneys underwent gradual rewarming from 10 to 37 degrees C during 90 minutes with or without HBOC. This was followed by 30 minutes of warm ischemia in room temperature to mimic the anastomosis time and 120 minutes of reperfusion at 37 degrees C to mimic the early post-transplant state of the graft. The HBOC group demonstrated superior kidney function which was highlighted by higher ultrafiltrate production, better glomerular filtration rate and improved sodium reabsorption. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the hemodynamics, tissue injury, and adenosine triphosphate levels. In conclusion, this study suggests better renal function recovery in DCD kidneys after rewarming with HBOC compared to rewarming without an oxygen carrier

Novel Improved Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Control of Inverter and Supervisory Energy Management System of a Microgrid

In this paper, energy management and control of a microgrid is developed through supervisor and adaptive neuro-fuzzy wavelet-based control controllers considering real weather patterns and load variations. The supervisory control is applied to the entire microgrid using lower-top level arrangements. The top-level generates the control signals considering the weather data patterns and load conditions, while the lower level controls the energy sources and power converters. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy wavelet-based controller is applied to the inverter. The new proposed wavelet-based controller improves the operation of the proposed microgrid as a result of the excellent localized characteristics of the wavelets. Simulations and comparison with other existing intelligent controllers, such as neuro-fuzzy controllers and fuzzy logic controllers, and classical PID controllers are used to present the improvements of the microgrid in terms of the power transfer, inverter output efficiency, load voltage frequency, and dynamic response