PROMISSORY NOTE AS PAYMENT SECURITY INSTRUMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

In the modern world, a legal framework has been set up and a market regulator has been defi ned so that payment as a relation between the debtor and creditor can not be put in question regarding the realization of their integral rights. Countries in transition, including Croatia (the Republic of Croatia), are still trying to defi ne not only the shortterm, but also the long-term regulators that would clarify all open questions both in the economic and in the legal segment. Promissory note as the payment security instrument has in practice become operative only through a consistent use of Distraint law. A theoretical and an implementation mechanism merge into one functional mechanism, on the basis of which it can be said that in this segment the Republic of Croatia has truly overcome the transitional barriers.promissory note, collection of claims, payment insurance, blank promissory notes, Distraint procedure, Distraint law

Definability and Undefinability of Truth

This thesis will focus on Tarski’s work, so the Section 2 starts with him, giving an overview of the elements of his theory of truth, leading to a presentation of his theorem in 2.3. In the rest of the paper, proposals for solving the problem of internalization of the concept of truth and the paradoxes arising from this problem with some of the proposed solution are considered. Section 3. will quickly introduce the Liar paradox and once more explicitly state Tarski’s solution, followed by the so called “revenge of the liar”; a liar type sentence which cannot be avoided even by using Tarski’s solution to the original liar. After that, Section 4. will introduce Kripke’s Theory of Truth and his take on truth and solving t he Liar paradox using paracomplete logic, while Section 5. will examine some further attempts in answering the aforementioned problems in the context of paraconsistent logic

Definability and Undefinability of Truth

This thesis will focus on Tarski’s work, so the Section 2 starts with him, giving an overview of the elements of his theory of truth, leading to a presentation of his theorem in 2.3. In the rest of the paper, proposals for solving the problem of internalization of the concept of truth and the paradoxes arising from this problem with some of the proposed solution are considered. Section 3. will quickly introduce the Liar paradox and once more explicitly state Tarski’s solution, followed by the so called “revenge of the liar”; a liar type sentence which cannot be avoided even by using Tarski’s solution to the original liar. After that, Section 4. will introduce Kripke’s Theory of Truth and his take on truth and solving t he Liar paradox using paracomplete logic, while Section 5. will examine some further attempts in answering the aforementioned problems in the context of paraconsistent logic

Survey for the Four Major Viruses in Potato ‘Poluranka’ Local Cultivar in Herzegovina

Potato production is directly influenced by various biological factors among which the most important viruses take the place. There are more than 20 known viruses that affect potato causing malformation in growth and yield reduction. In order to preserve the native potato cultivar ‘Poluranka’, which is historically dominant cultivar in the mountainous region of Herzegovina (western part of BiH), it is necessary to take phytosanitary measures. Many other indigenous plant genetic resources are gone forever from this region and this cultivar should not share the same fate. A main aim of this research was identification of some viruses that cause infections on this native potato tuber since there are no such official results. The first step in achieving this was testing the existing plant material for the presence of four economically most important potato viruses. The paper presents the results of DAS ELISA on samples taken from two locations in Herzegovina (Jasenica and Rakitno) that showed 100% infection with viruses PLRV and PVY on all 180 collected samples of seed tubers of ‘Poluranka’. Until this research, health quality of ‘Poluranka’ was not tested and adequate measures to preserve this useful breeding material were not taken. Propagation in vitro should be used to gain healthier propagation material for better yield, preservation and maintenance of Herzegovina native potato ‘Poluranka’

Analiza droga u urinu GC/MS tehnikom: stečena iskustva i primjena

This paper describes quantitative methods for determination of urinary drugs/metabolites. The analysis included indicators of opiate (morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine) and methadone (methadone) consumption, indicator of marihuana/ hashish consumption (11-nor-9-tetrahydrocannabinol- 9-carboxylic acid), indicators of cocaine consumption (cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester) and of amphetamine consumption (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and 3,4- methylenedioxethylamphetamine). The methods included solid-phase extraction of urine, concentration of eluent, derivatisation, and quantitative analysis by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on a capillary column in the electron impact and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy were determined for all analytes (limit of detection between 3 and 12 ng/ml, precision 92%). The accuracy was checked through analysis of standard reference materials and participation in an international quality assessment programme. The methods were used in the analysis of spot urine samples of 60 subjects suspected of drug abuse. Negative findings indicated several disadvantages of urine as a biological sample.Za provjeru uzimanja droga razvijen je niz brzih, relativno jeftinih testova za analizu droga u urinu, kojima se razlikuju negativni od vjerojatno pozitivnih nalaza. Preporučeni analitički protokol zahtijeva potvrdu svih pozitivnih nalaza specifičnom i osjetljivom metodom. S tim ciljem opisane su kvantitativne metode za simultano određivanje pojedinih droga i njihovih metabolita u urinu: 1) morfina, kodeina i 6-acetilmorfina (6-MAM) pokazatelja uzimanja morfina, kodeina i heroina; 2) 11-nor-tetrahidrokanabinol-9-karboksilne kiseline (THCCOOH) pokazatelja uzimanja marihuane i hašiša; 3) kokaina, benzoilekgonina i metilekgonina pokazatelja uzimanja kokaina i 4) amfetamina, metamfetamina, 3,4-metilendioksiamfetamina (MDA), 3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamina (MDMA, Ecstasy) i 3,4-metilendioksietilamfetamina (MDEA) pokazatelja uzimanja tih istih spojeva, tehnikom plinske kromatografije sa spektrometrijom masa (GC/MS). Metode uključuju ekstrakciju urina na kolonama punjenim sorbensom, koncentriranje eluata, derivatizaciju te kvantitativnu analizu GC/MS sustavom s kapilarnom kolonom uz ionizaciju elektronskim snopom i detekciju karakterističnih iona. Osjetljivost, preciznost i točnost postupka određene su za sve analite. Točnost određivanja provjerena je analizom standardnih referentnih uzoraka. Sudjelovanjem u međunarodnom programu provjere kvalitete analiza droga u urinu potvrđena je točnost razvijenih metoda za sve analite. Opisane metode primijenjene su pri identifikaciji zloporabe droga u 60 osoba za koje se sumnjalo da uzimaju droge. U 35 uzoraka urina nađena je THCCOOH, amfetamini u dva, metadon u četiri, morfin/ kodein/6-MAM u 11 i kokain i metaboliti u tri uzorka urina. U četiri uzorka urina određeno je više droga/metabolita. Negativni nalazi droga u 10 uzoraka urina upućuju na nedostatke urina kao biološkog uzorka: može biti zamijenjen drugim urinom, izmijenjen dodacima raznih sredstava i razrijeđen vodom. Kako se većina droga/metabolita izlučuje urinom 2–3 dana nakon uzimanja droge (s izuzetkom THCCOOH), kritično je vrijeme uzimanja urina za analizu

Competitiveness as a function of local and regional growth and development

Each economic entity, institution and individual has the responsibility of contributing to the economic development in its region. Creating conditions for the development and empowerment of the business sector are activities that in the long run lead to the strengthening of not only certain economic sectors, but the entire region. In the recent period sources from EU funds for co-financing of capital projects have become available to investors. Given the uncertainty in business conditions, investors’ poor capitalization, lack of business profitability and, in terms of profitability and risk, lack of high-quality capital projects, the benefits of these resources are insufficient and/or inadequately used. The aim of this paper is to analyse the strength and capabilities of Croatian companies for financing and implementation of high-quality capital projects. For this purpose, this paper will present the results of research of financial position of selected companies in 2012. Also, it presents the results of research from 2011 that examined the reality of projections of later activated investment projects. These results are the basis for a conclusion about the ability of management, in the analysed region, to make realistic plans and carry out high-quality capital projects

Incidence of viroses in autochthonous grapevine cultivars in Herzegovina vineyards

Vinova loza važna je kultura kojoj infektivne bolesti virusne prirode mogu drastično skratiti razdoblje eksploatacije. Najvažnija je strateška metoda u kontroli virusnih bolesti vinove loze preventiva i provodi se korištenjem certificirana sadnog materijala pri podizanju novih vinograda. Da bi se uspješno kontroliralo rasprostranjivanje viroza, neophodno je provođenje specifičnih i pouzdanih dijagnostičkih metoda: enzimski imunotest na čvrstoj fazi (ELISA) i reverzna transkripcija uz lančanu reakciju polimeraze (RT-PCR). Primjenom navedenih dijagnostičkih metoda na ukupno 1332 testiranih trsova dobiven je uvid u pojavnost devet virusa na šest ekonomski najvažnijih autohtonih kultivara u hercegovačkim vinogorjima. U šest autohtonih kultivara serološkim metodama detektirani su: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) u 884 trsova (66,3 %), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) u 500 trsova (37,5 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) u 293 trsova (22,0 %), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) u 197 trsova (14,7 %), Grapevine leafrollassociated virus-4-9 (GLRaV-4-9) u 90 trsova (6,7 %), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) u 17 trsova (1,2 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) u 3 trsa (0,2 %), dok virusi: Grapevine virus A (GVA) i Grapevine virus B (GVB) nisu detektirani. Od svih je testiranih Vinova loza važna je kultura kojoj infektivne bolesti virusne prirode mogu drastično skratiti razdoblje eksploatacije. Najvažnija je strateška metoda u kontroli virusnih bolesti vinove loze preventiva i provodi se korištenjem certificirana sadnog materijala pri podizanju novih vinograda. Da bi se uspješno kontroliralo rasprostranjivanje viroza, neophodno je provođenje specifičnih i pouzdanih dijagnostičkih metoda: enzimski imunotest na čvrstoj fazi (ELISA) i reverzna transkripcija uz lančanu reakciju polimeraze (RT-PCR). Primjenom navedenih dijagnostičkih metoda na ukupno 1332 testiranih trsova dobiven je uvid u pojavnost devet virusa na šest ekonomski najvažnijih autohtonih kultivara u hercegovačkim vinogorjima. U šest autohtonih kultivara serološkim metodama detektirani su: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) u 884 trsova (66,3 %), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) u 500 trsova (37,5 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) u 293 trsova (22,0 %), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) u 197 trsova (14,7 %), Grapevine leafrollassociated virus-4-9 (GLRaV-4-9) u 90 trsova (6,7 %), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) u 17 trsova (1,2 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) u 3 trsa (0,2 %), dok virusi: Grapevine virus A (GVA) i Grapevine virus B (GVB) nisu detektirani. Od svih je testiranih trsova, 1153 (86,5 %) uzoraka nosilo barem jedan virus, dok je 179 (13,4 %) uzorka bilo zdravo, bez prisustva testiranih virusa. Zdravi trsovi predloženi su kao potencijalne biljke kandidati za proizvodnju sadnoga materijala ‘testiranog na viruse’. Analizom rezultata virusnih infekcija utvrđeno je da je 546 (40,9 %) uzoraka zaraženo samo s jednim virusom, 423 (31,7 %) s dva, 155 (11,6 %) s tri, 28 (2,1 %) s četiri, 3 (0,2 %) s pet što je ujedno i najveći broj analizom utvrđenih kombinacija. Od 90 uzoraka koji su serološki bili pozitivni na grupu virusa GLRaV-4-9 (GLRaV-4, -5, -6, -7, -9), izabrano je njih 27 kod kojih je metodom RT-PCR i korištenjem para početnica utvrđena prisutnost GLRaV-5 kod šest uzoraka kao i GLRaV-9 kod sedam uzoraka. Ostali virusi iz grupe GLRaV-4-9 nisu registrirani. Prisutnost GLRaV-2 u uzorku, u kojem je metodom ELISA detektiran, uspješno je potvrđena primjenom metode RT-PCR uz korištenje GLR2CP1/GLR2CP2 para početnica. Tijekom dvije vegetacijske sezone (2011/12 i 2012/13) vršeno je vizualno praćenje analiziranih trsova. Dominantni simptomi na šest autohtonih kultivara bili su: zastoj u kretanju vegetacije, skraćeni internodiji, različiti poremećaji u rastu i razvoju, uvijenost lišća, nejednolično odrvenjavanje i dozrijevanje grozdova, rehuljavost. Prema raspoloživim saznanjima, provedeno istraživanje predstavlja prvi nalaz GLRaV-2, GLRaV-5 i GLRaV-9 u Bosni i Hercegovini potvrđen molekularnim metodama, dok GFkV, GLRaV-2 i grupa virusa GLRaV-4-9 predstavlja prvi nalaz u Bosni i Hercegovini potvrđen serološkim metodama.Grapevine is an important species in which infectious diseases caused by viruses can drastically reduce the period of exploitation. The most important control strategy of grapevine viroses is prevention and consists of the use of certified planting materials in the establishment of new vineyards. In order to successfully control the virus spread, the implementation of specific and reliable diagnostic methods is essential: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Using the above mentioned diagnostic techniques from the total number 1332 grapevine, an insight into the incidence of nine viruses in the six most important autochthonous cultivars grown in Herzegovina was gained. In the six autochthonous cultivars, using serological methods, the following viruses were detected: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) - in 884 grapevines (66,3 %), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) - in 500 grapevines (37,5%), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) - in 293 grapevines (22,0%), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) - in 197 grapevines (14,7 %), Grapevine leafrollassociated virus-4-9 (GLRaV-4-9) - in 90 grapevines (6,7 %), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) - in 17 grapevines (1,2%), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) - in 3 grapevines (0,2 %), while viruses Grapevine virus A (GVA) and Grapevine virus B (GVB) were not detected. Of all tested grapevines, 86,5 % specimens (1153 grapevines) had at least one virus, while 13,4 % specimens (179 grapevines) was free of tested viruses. The virus-free grapevines are proposed as a potential candidate plants for production of virus-tested planting material. The analysis of results showed that 546 grapevines (40,9%) were infected by only one virus, 423 (31,7 %) by two, 155 (11,6 %) by three, 28 (2,1 %) by four, 3 (0,2 %) by five, which presented the highest number of viruses in mixed infections. From 90 specimens positive on GLRaV-4-9 (GLRaV -4, -5, -6, -7, -9) viruses, 27 are chosen, and, by using RTPCR method employing pair of primers, the presence of GLRaV-5 in 6 specimens and GLRaV-9 in 7 specimens is detected. The other viruses belonging to GLRaV-4-9 group were not detected. The presence of GLRaV-2 in ELISA positive specimen is successfully confirmed using RT-PCR method with the use of GLR2CP1/ GLR2CP2 pair of primers. During two vegetation seasons (2011/12, 2012/13) visual observation of analysed grapevines was carried out. The dominant symptoms on 6 autochthonous cultivars: delayed start vegetation., reduced internodes, different disturbances in growth and development, leafroll, irregular lignification and ripening of grapes and, poor fruit set. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of GLRaV-2, GLRaV-5 and GLRaV-9 in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the genome (nucleic acids) based methods, and GFkV, GLRaV-2 and group of GLRaV-4-9 associated viruses on the basis of serological methods

The Influence of the Register of Non-Tax Revenues on the Efficiency of the Non-Tax Revenue System in the Republic of Croatia

Non-tax revenues and parafiscal charges in most cases represent a limiting factor for the business sector and are an additional burden for citizens. In accordance with the recommendations of the European Commission and the Croatian national strategic documents, a rationalisation of the system of non-tax revenues is necessary to achieve a further lessening of the burden of economic subjects and citizens and to foster economic growth. The aim of this paper is to analyse the non-tax revenues in the Republic of Croatia, analyse their role, their impact on the effectiveness of the system of non-tax revenues and contribute to its understanding, as it represents an important segment for strengthening the competitiveness of the Croatian economy. The study is based on a systematic analysis of non-tax revenues in Croatia. For the purposes of comparative analysis, the following forms of literature were taken into account: different national strategic documents of the Republic of Croatia, the European Commission reports, available statistical indicators and relevant foreign and domestic scientific and professional literature dealing with the problem of non-tax revenue. The time scope of the analysis is the period from 2008 to 2016 and the results were compared with the data obtained from other sources. Croatia has made limited progress in the area of non-tax revenues as one of the components required for the removal of macroeconomic imbalances in the economy

Using web technologies for designing and implementing multi-layer neural networks

Ovaj rad obrađuje relativno novo područje izrade i prikaza višeslojnih neuronskih mreža korištenjem web tehnologija i radi usporedbu između uvježbavanja neuronskih mreža pomoć web tehnologija i trenutno najpopularnijih rješenja. U prvom dijelu rada objašnjava se što su neuronske mreže, kako je došlo do njihovog razvoja, koji su neki od popularnih tipova učenja i po čemu se razlikuju i kako radi jedna popularna arhitektura neuronske mreže ‘plitkog učenja’ i jedna ‘dubokog učenja’, obje koje se mogu stvoriti, uvježbavati i koristiti u projektu ovog rada. Posebno se obrađuje algoritam učenja koji je, uz male razlike, korišten za obje arhitekture, u svrhu razumijevanja složenosti procesa učenja preko kojega će se kasnije uspoređivati performanse različitih implementacija sustava za rad s neuronskim mrežama. U sljedećem dijelu prikazuje se dio projekta ovog rada, tj. aplikacije koja je izrađena isključivo u web tehnologijama kao dokaz da su se web tehnologije dovoljno razvile za omogućavanje razvoja takvih aplikacija. Kako je ‘duboko učenje’ postalo jako popularno u području umjetne inteligencije pa tako i u svijetu, kao primjer da web tehnologije mogu podržati i tu vrstu odabrana je LSTM (Long Short-term Memory) arhitektura kao jedne od popularnih u području obrade prirodnog jezika. Nakon toga performanse se uspoređuju s TensorFlow-om, trenutno najpopularnijim rješenjem za rad s neuronskim mrežama i koji uvježbavanje mreže izvodi u strojnom jeziku. U zadnjem dijelu prikazuje se drugi dio projekta koji se sastoji od web aplikacije koja se u pozadini koristi TensorFlow-om za brže i efikasnije uvježbavanje i korištenje neuronskih mreža. Aplikacija se temelji na modernim praksama razvoja web aplikacija i napravljena je na način koji osigurava jednostavno nadograđivanje.This thesis explores the relatively new field of constructing and displaying artificial neural networks using web technologies and compares the performance of neural networks trained with web technologies and with the currently most popular machine learning framework. In the first part of this thesis neural networks are explained, what they are, how they evolved, what some of the more popular learning types are and what their differences are and how a shallow learning and a deep learning neural network operate, both of which can be created, trained and used in the practical part of the thesis. The learning algorithm is particularly explored, which is the one that the both supported neural network architectures use, with slight difference, all to demonstrate the complexities included in the training process which is later used to compare the performances of two different implementations of neural network applications. The next part of the thesis shows the web application that was created using purely web technologies as a proof that the technologies have evolved sufficiently to allow creating such applications. Because deep learning became very popular in the field of artificial intelligence and is widely used in the world, as an example that the web application can support that kind of neural networks, the LSTM (Long Short-term Memory) architecture is selected. The LSTM network is popular in the field of natural language processing. After that the performance of the web application is compared with TensorFlow, the currently most popular neural network framework which performs the training by compiling the code and then running it. In the last part of this thesis explores the second part of the project which uses TensorFlow for faster and more efficient training and usage of neural networks. The application is based on current web development standards and is created to be easily extendable