Drying and Solid-Liquid Extraction of Hydroxychavicol and Eugenol from Betel Leaves (Piper Betle L.)

Betel (Piper betle L.) is one of the invaluable medicinal plants originated from Malaysia. Its leaves have been used traditionally for various medication purposes. Scientific research on the leaf of this plant reveals that it possesses many beneficial bioactivities and its extract from betel leaves has a great potential to be used in developing commercial products. However, there is a lack of research on the processing aspects to produce its bioactive extract. This research studied three key processes including drying, solid-liquid extraction, and freeze drying which are involved in processing of bioactive extract from betel leaves. Different experiments were designed and carried out to look into the effects of various operating parameters on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of betel leaves extract. Hydroxychavicol (HC) and eugenol (EU) were selected as the quality indicators of the product because these two compounds were reported to play an important role in the bioactivities of betel leaves including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticarcinogenic and antibacterial. The effect of drying temperature on the quality of betel leaves and drying kinetics were studied in order to determine the optimum drying temperature. Changes in the concentration of HC and EU reveal that the optimum temperature for drying of betel leaves was 70oC because degradation of HC and EU was observed above this temperature. Logarithmic model was found to be the most suitable model among the selected thin layer models in predicting the process. Water was the most suitable solvent for extracting betel leaves compared to ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. This was because it gave highest yield and the extract from water indicated high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in which the activities were related to HC and EU. The optimum extraction temperature was determined as 60oC to avoid degradation of EU. The ratio of water to solid of 30:1 (ml:g) was found to be optimum based on analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Extraction kinetics of betel leaves reveals that the optimum extraction time is one hour. A new model named equilibrium driven solid-liquid extraction (EDSLE) model was developed and successfully applied in describing the process. The study of freeze drying process of betel leaves extract was conducted in two sections namely freezing and drying. The freezing kinetics data shows that the freezing point of betel leaves extract with 20%SC was about -4oC. Prediction of freezing kinetics and freezing time was carried out successfully with numerical model. The results of drying kinetics of betel leaves extract show that the increase of drying temperature increased the drying rate. Midilli et la. model was found to be the most effective one among the selected models for modeling of the process

Optimisation of solid liquid extraction of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves using response surface methodology technique

Orthosiphon stamineus is one of the popular medicinal plants in Southeast Asia. O. stamineus leaves are used in numerous applications related to medicinal purposes and are believed to cure certain health conditions such as hypertension, gout and fever. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three parameters involved in extraction process including extraction temperature, extraction duration and solvent to solid ratio on extraction yield, antioxidant activity and referral markers of O. stamineus leaves. The optimisation of extraction processes was evaluated with the aid of Design-Expert software using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum extraction parameter for O. stamineus leaves were recorded at the extraction temperature of 60°C, 30:1 (ml:g) solvent to solid ratio and 6 hours extraction duration with 30Wt% extract, 67 and 1 mg/L concentration of Rosmarinic acid and Sinensetin, respectively. Antioxidant activity for optimized extract is 96.56% and 91.51% of SOD and DPPH method, respectively

Anti cancer activity of mangiferin from methanol extract of fruit of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.)

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl known as Mahkota Dewa is one of Indonesia's traditional medicines from family of Thymelaeaceae. Traditional medicine practitioners claim that the chemical compounds in mahkota dewa retains antihistamine, antioxidant and anti cancer effects. In this study, one compound has been successfully isolated from methanolic extract of Mahkota Dewa's fruit as single compound known as mangiferin. To ensure whether this compound; mangiferin contribute to the anti cancer activities, the cytotoxic effect on a breast cancer cell line; MCF-7, cervical cancer cell line; HeLa, and human colon adenocarcinoma cell; HT-29, was examined. The results show that Mahkota Dewa can be promising sources of natural products with potential anti cancer

Isolation, structure elucidation, identification and quantitative analysis of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from the roots of Chlorophytum boriviliuanum (safed musli)

Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli) is a traditional herbaceous medicinal plant belonging to family Liliaceae. Its roots are being employed in folk medicine. The crude extract of C. borivilianum has been consumed due to its versatile therapeutic uses. The scientific studies related to the important pharmacological properties are widely conducted and the remarkable bioactivities of C. borivilianum are proven in literatures. So far, the isolated chemical compounds are mainly saponins. In this research, the isolation was focused on compounds other than saponins and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate was isolated for the first time from the roots of C. borivilianum. The structure was identified based on the spectral data of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC and also based on the comparison with the previous literature data. This is the first report regarding the presence of this compound in C. borivilianum as well as its genus. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array detection was established to identify and quantify bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate

Effect of solvents on the extraction of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) leaves

This study aimed to ascertain the effect of solvents on the extraction of some bioactive compound from Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) leaves was investigated. The main compound identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography was gallic acid. Thus, the solvents tested were water (H2O), ethanol (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EA) and hexane (Hex) as the extraction solvents with 40 °C temperature and four hour extraction time using Solid Liquid Extraction (SLE). Result showed that water was the best solvent for extraction of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) gave higher yield (13.42 wt. %) followed by ethanol (5.96 wt. %), ethyl acetate (2.46 wt. %) and hexane (1.29 wt. %). This is believed to give good information for particular extraction processes in different polarities of solvents

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts of betel leaves (Piper betle) from solvents with different polarities

The influence of solvents with different polarities on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of betel leaf extracts (Piper betle) was investigated. The solvents used were water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the chemical profiles and concentrations of the active compounds, namely, hydroxychavicol (HC) and eugenol (EU). The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated using two in vitro assays—xanthine/xanthine oxidase superoxide scavenging assay (SOD assay) and 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay (DPPH assay). The anti-inflammatory assays used were hyaluronidase (HYA), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assays. The HPLC results revealed that HC and EU were detected in all types of extracts and the concentrations were highest in the water extract. The highest extraction yield was obtained using water. All the extracts were highly active in both antioxidant assays with water extract showing the strongest inhibition. The extracts also exhibited significant inhibition in XOD and LOX assays. The results indicated that the bioactivity of the extracts was related to HC and EU

Sirih (Piper Betle L.): extraction and drying technology of its bioactive components

Piper betle L., more commonly known as betel or local name of Sirih, belongs to the family Piperaceae. Previous re¬search has shown that the leaves of P. betle possess tremendous beneficial effects including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, wound healing and gastro-protective properties. The presence of these beneficial properties indicates that leaf extract of betel has great potential for development into a wide range of health food supplements. However, there is a lack of research on the processing aspects to produce its bioactive component. This book aims to provide information and experimental studies on a few key processes including post-harvest betle leaves drying, solid-liquid extraction, spray drying and freeze drying of extracts which are involved in processing of bioactive extract from betel leaves. Different experiments were designed and carried out to look into the effects of various operating parameters on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of betel leaves extract. Hydroxychavicol (HC) and eugenol (EU) were selected as the quality indicators of the product because these two compounds were reported to play an important role in the bioactivities of betel leaves including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcino¬genic and antibacterial

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF MALAYSIAN FRUIT EXTRACT (MYRISTICA FRAGRANS)

The aim of this experiment is to study the phytochemical content of Malaysian fruit (Myristica fragrans), commonly known as nutmeg. This study also includes the optimization of extraction conditions for both soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction to yield the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and 2, 2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl scavenging activity of nutmegs using Response surface methodology. Soxhlet extraction is carried out with different extraction time and type of solvent. However, ultrasonic-assisted extraction is carried out with different extraction time, concentration of solvent and temperature of ultrasonic water bath. It has been shown that the optimum value of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and 2, 2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl scavenging activity of soxhlet extraction on nutmegs are 12.290 mg, 17.09 mg and 95.837%, respectively with a desirability of 0.671. The optimum condition for soxhlet extraction of nutmegs to obtain optimum yield of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and 2, 2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl scavenging are by using methanol as solvent at 184 minutes extraction time. However, for the optimization value of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and 2, 2- diphenyl picryl hydrazyl scavenging activity for ultrasonic- assisted extraction of nutmegs are 28.722 mg, 46.600 mg and 98.565%, respectively with a desirability of 0.977. The optimum condition for ultrasonic assisted extraction of nutmegs to obtain optimum yield of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and 2, 2- diphenyl picryl hydrazyl scavenging are by extracting nutmeg at 40 minutes at 50 ℃ and at 40% ethanol concentration

Isolation, structure elucidation, identification and quantitative analysis of 1’-acetoxychavicol (ACA) from the roots of chlorophytum boriviliuanum (safed musli)

Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli) is a medicinally important plant. Its roots are being employed in folk medicine. Presently, the crude extract of C. borivilianum has been consumed for the treatment such as anti-diabetic, antiaging, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory and previous studies have been carried out to further confirm these remarkable bioactivities of C. borivilianum. In this research, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) was isolated from the roots of C. borivilianum. The structure of ACA was elucidated based on the spectral data of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC and also based on the comparison with the previous literature data. ACA was isolated in an isocratic elution that eluted with hexane and ethyl acetate in the ratio of 10:0.25. In the HPLC analysis, the separation of the crude methanol extract was completed within 20 min and the retention time of ACA in the sample was 7.31 min. The regression equation of the calibration curve was developed and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.991. This is the first report regarding the presence of ACA in C. borivilianum as well as its genus. For the first time, a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array detection was developed for the quantitative determination and identification of ACA

Isolation, structure elucidation, identification and quantitative analysis of 1'-acetoxychavicol (ACA) from the roots of Chlorophytum boriviliuanum (safed musli)

Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli) is a medicinally important plant. Its roots are being employed in folk medicine. Presently, the crude extract of C. borivilianum has been consumed for the treatment such as anti-diabetic, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory and previous studies have been carried out to further confirm these remarkable bioactivities of C. borivilianum. In this research, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) was isolated from the roots of C. borivilianum. The structure of ACA was elucidated based on the spectral data of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC and also based on the comparison with the previous literature data. ACA was isolated in an isocratic elution that eluted with hexane and ethyl acetate in the ratio of 10:0.25. In the HPLC analysis, the separation of the crude methanol extract was completed within 20 min and the retention time of ACA in the sample was 7.31 min. The regression equation of the calibration curve was developed and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.991. This is the first report regarding the presence of ACA in C. borivilianum as well as its genus. For the first time, a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array detection was developed for the quantitative determination and identification of ACA