Self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS): a review

Self-emulsifying drug delivery system is mixture of oils, surfactant, cosurfactant, which are emulsified in aqueous media under condition of gentle stirring and digestive motility that would be encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. SEDDS is one of the approaches to improve the oral bioavailability of the hydrophobic drugs. The liquid SEDDS can be converted into solid dosage form without affecting drug release property. Due to its small size the micro/nano emulsified drug can easily be absorbed through lymphatic pathways thereby bypassing the hepatic first-pass effect. The main benefit of this approach is that pre-dissolving the compound overcomes the initial rate limiting step of particulate dissolution in the aqueous environment within the GI tract. Self-emulsification occurs when entropy changes that favor dispersion is greater than the energy required to increase the surface area of the dispersion

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PRONIOSOMES AS DRUG CARRIERS FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE

Ketorolac tromethamine is a drug with narrow therapeutic index and short biological half-life. This study was aimed at developing and optimizing proniosomal formulation of ketorolac tromethamine in order to improve its bioavailability. The prepared proniosomal gel formulations were evaluated and the effect of the varying composition of non ionic surfactant and cholesterol in various formulations were studied, such as vesicle shape, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and in- vitro drug release study. The presence of cholesterol made the proniosomes more stable with high drug entrapment efficiency and retention properties. The highest entrapment efficiency was observed with sodium cholate 88.17 ± 0.95 as compared to those formulation prepared with span60 and with sodium deoxycholate. Formulation F1 (LCI-I), zeta potential value was observed -20.0 mV, which is a measure of net charge of proniosomes which made them stable, by preventing aggregation. Formulation   F1 which prepared by sodium cholate,  showed highest drug release of 94.048 % after 24 hrs as compared to formulation F6 (LDCI-3) and F9 (LSI-3) which were prepared by sodium deoxycholate and sapn60 showed lowest drug release of  76.35% and 69.12%

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BUCCAL DOSAGE FORMS OF GARCINIA CAMBOGIA

Medicated jelly formulations are more suitable for pediatric, geriatric and dysphagic patients, which offer rapid dissolution and absorption of drugs thereby early onset of action. The aim of study was to develop and evaluate oral jelly formulation of Garcinia cambogia extract using pectin as the natural gelling agent. The primary objective was formulation of unit moulded jelly containing herbal medicaments and also to optimize the dosage form that will have extra beneficiary for hepatoprotective and weight-loss supplement effect without any side effects. The crude extract or constituents from the plant also exerted hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anthelmintic, anticholinesterase and hepatoprotective activities. All the formulations exhibited good physiochemical properties and found to be stable

SKELETAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW

Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect. Skeletal drug delivery systems (SDDS) are used to deliver the drug directly to skeletal tissue through various conventional and novel approaches, thereby improving the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs in bone diseases. It may involve scientific site-targeting within the body, or it might involve facilitating systemic pharmacokinetics; in any case, it is typically concerned with both quantity and duration of drug presence.Ranging from used of poultice and now with the advent of self setting cements, nanoparticles, liposomes etc for targeting the drug to the poorly perfused body organs, the development of delivery systems to bones/ skeletal system have come a long way. The present work reviews the delivery systems that are prevalent and is dedicated towards a rationale selection of the drugs and dosage forms for skeletal diseases

EXPLORING PHYTOCHEMICALS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL USES OF CORDIA DICHOTOMA (INDIAN CHERRY): A REVIEW

The use of phytoconstituents single or combined with standard medicines has been utilized in cure of different diseases. Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and glyceridess having different activities were screened and isolated from different parts of C. dichotoma. Various important Pharmacological properties including Antiulcer, Contraceptives, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, analgesic, anticancer, Antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and others have been well documented for this plant.  Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the various bioactivities of C. dichotoma to improve our knowledge on plant phytochemicals as therapeutic entities. The present review describes the various phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of C. dichotoma that can be followed for future research on this plant for human health benefits. Keywords: Cordia Dichotoma, phytoconstituents, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antifertility, Traditional medicin

HPLC method for estimation of metformin hydrochloride in formulated microspheres and tablet dosage form

A simple, accurate, economical and reproducible HPLC method has been developed for quantitative estimation of metformin hydrochloride from tablet dosage form and formulated microspheres. The developed HPLC method is a reverse phase chromatographic method using phenomenex C(18) column and acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (65:35) pH adjusted to 5.75 with o-phosphoric acid as mobile phase and glipizide as internal standard. The linearity was observed in concentration range of 0-25 μg/ml for metformin hydrochloride. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies

RESEARCH AND REVIEWS: JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY Optimization and Evaluation of Floating Drug Delivery System for Metronidazole

ABSTRACT The present investigation concerns the development of Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS) of Metronidazole, which are designed to increase the gastric residence time, thus prolonging the drug release with localized drug action. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC) used as polymer and drugs to polymer ratio used to prepare FDDS by wet granulation technique. The prepared FDDS were evaluated as per Pharmacopoeia and other standard references. The drug-polymer ratio, HPMC, different diluents and gas generating agents were found to influence the drug release and floating properties of the prepared FDDS. The floating properties and drug release characteristics were determined for the prepared FDDS in 0.1N HCL as dissolution media. All the FDDS formulations showed good in-vitro floating properties with an optimum concentration of gas generating agents, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. The rate of drug release decreased with increased polymer concentration. It was found that HPMC viscosity had a significant impact on the drug release from the prepared FDDS. The decrease in the release rate was observed with an increase in the polymeric system. HPMC K4 M along with microcrystalline cellulose as diluents was found to be beneficial in improving the drug release rate and floating properties. Regression analysis of drug dissolution profiles on the basis of Higuchi's and zero order indicated that diffusion is the predominant mechanism controlling the drug release

FORMULATION AND RELEASE CHARACTERISATION OF POLYMER- BLENDED ALGINATE MICROSPHERES FOR AN ANTIDIABETIC DRUG

Alginate microspheres for a highly water soluble antidiabetic drug Metformin hydrochloride was prepared by ionic gelation method and investigated for its various physicochemical and release properties. To prevent a rapid drug release from alginate microspheres in simulated gastro-intestinal media, alginate microspheres were blended with polymers, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, chitin and chitosan and evaluated as additive polymers for controlling the drug release. Results indicated that quantity of polymer; gelating agent and time of cross-linking affected the shape, size and release characteristics from the prepared dosage forms. Use of polymers to retard the release of drug was effective. Drug release from the microspheres followed swelling and erosion. The selected batches sustained the release of the drug for more than 8 h. and showed drug entrapment efficiency up to 85%. As the polymer concentration in the formulation increased, the drug release generally decreased. HPMC-blended microspheres swelled but withstood the disintegration, showing an ideal linear release profiles. The zero order release was shown by all the formulations except when chitosan was incorporated. In comparison with chitosan-blended microspheres, HPMC-blended and MC blended alginate microspheres can be easily made and used for controlled drug delivery systems due to convenient process and better controlled drug release

Cone beam computerized tomography evaluation of incisive canal and anterior maxillary bone thickness for placement of immediate implants

Purpose: Variation of dimensions of the nasopalatine canal and anterior maxillary bone thickness vary in relation to age, gender, edentulism, and ethnicity; thorough knowledge with regard to these landmarks is of vital importance prior to surgical procedures such as implant placement and local anesthesia in the anterior maxilla. Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) aids in accurate treatment planning in such situations. Subjects and Methods: A total of 300 participants were selected by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. CBCT was performed with Hyperion X9 CBCT Scanner. Images were reconstructed from the CBCT data using NNT image reconstruction software and visualized using multi-planar resolution screen. The dimensions of the nasopalatine foramen (NPF), the incisive canal (IC) and foramen, and anterior maxillary bone thickness were measured. Results: The mean diameter of NPF was found to be 3.27 mm, incisive foramen (IF) was 3.62 mm, IC was 2.12 mm. The average length of the IC was 10.66 mm. The IF was located at a mean distance of 13.81 mm away from the most anteroinferior point of the cortical plate of the labial bone of the maxilla. The anterior maxillary bone was the thickest at the nasal spine level (10.94 mm), and was the narrowest at lower labial alveolus (7.16 mm). The average anterior maxillary bone thickness was found to be 8.36 mm. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it was found that found that gender and age are important factors that affected the characteristics of the IC and the amount of bone anterior to it