Free Applicative Functors

Applicative functors are a generalisation of monads. Both allow the expression of effectful computations into an otherwise pure language, like Haskell. Applicative functors are to be preferred to monads when the structure of a computation is fixed a priori. That makes it possible to perform certain kinds of static analysis on applicative values. We define a notion of free applicative functor, prove that it satisfies the appropriate laws, and that the construction is left adjoint to a suitable forgetful functor. We show how free applicative functors can be used to implement embedded DSLs which can be statically analysed.Comment: In Proceedings MSFP 2014, arXiv:1406.153

Signatures and Induction Principles for Higher Inductive-Inductive Types

Higher inductive-inductive types (HIITs) generalize inductive types of dependent type theories in two ways. On the one hand they allow the simultaneous definition of multiple sorts that can be indexed over each other. On the other hand they support equality constructors, thus generalizing higher inductive types of homotopy type theory. Examples that make use of both features are the Cauchy real numbers and the well-typed syntax of type theory where conversion rules are given as equality constructors. In this paper we propose a general definition of HIITs using a small type theory, named the theory of signatures. A context in this theory encodes a HIIT by listing the constructors. We also compute notions of induction and recursion for HIITs, by using variants of syntactic logical relation translations. Building full categorical semantics and constructing initial algebras is left for future work. The theory of HIIT signatures was formalised in Agda together with the syntactic translations. We also provide a Haskell implementation, which takes signatures as input and outputs translation results as valid Agda code

Hope and dread in representing Palestine-Israel: a case study of editorials in the British broadsheets

Part of a comprehensive study to analyse British broadsheets’ coverage of the First Gaza War, this paper examines the moral arguments presented in editorials. Doing so, it showcases a non-dualist, relational inquiry of the representation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Instead of focusing on what is empirically ‘true’, morally ‘right’, and ethnically ‘Israeli/Jewish’ or ‘Palestinian/Arab’ as extra-discursive categories, it approaches them as discursive constructions and asks what relations, what forms of lives the editorials cultivate in representing them. The analysis demonstrates that whilst newspapers overwhelmingly imagine isolated and ahistorical essences to clash in Palestine-Israel, they do not exclusively do so. Traces of a discourse of relations, where ‘I’ (Palestinian or Israeli) is partly constituted by the ‘Other’ (Israeli or Palestinian) can also be found in the editorials. It is with the vicissitudes of such relational accounts that the article concludes

Saving a victim from himself: the rhetoric of the learner’s presence and absence in the Milgram experiments

This paper contests what has remained a core assumption in social psychological and general understandings of the Milgram experiments. Analysing the learner/victim’s rhetoric in experimental sessions across five conditions (N= 170), it demonstrates that what participants were exposed to was not the black-and-white scenario of being pushed towards continuation by the experimental authority and pulled towards discontinuation by the learner/victim. Instead, the traditionally posited explicit collision of “forces” or “identities” was at all points of the experiments undermined by an implicit collusion between them: rendering the learner/victim a divided and contradictory subject, and the experimental process a constantly shifting and paradoxical experiential-moral field. As a result, the paper concludes that evaluating the participants’ conduct requires an understanding of the experiments where morality and non-destructive agency were not simple givens to be applied to a transparent case, but had to be re-created anew – in the face not just of their explicit denial by the experimenter but also of their implicit denial by the victim

The effect of the new school-leaving exam of history on the reformation of history teaching

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A Syntax for Higher Inductive-Inductive Types

Higher inductive-inductive types (HIITs) generalise inductive types of dependent type theories in two directions. On the one hand they allow the simultaneous definition of multiple sorts that can be indexed over each other. On the other hand they support equality constructors, thus generalising higher inductive types of homotopy type theory. Examples that make use of both features are the Cauchy reals and the well-typed syntax of type theory where conversion rules are given as equality constructors. In this paper we propose a general definition of HIITs using a domain-specific type theory. A context in this small type theory encodes a HIIT by listing the type formation rules and constructors. The type of the elimination principle and its beta-rules are computed from the context using a variant of the syntactic logical relation translation. We show that for indexed W-types and various examples of HIITs the computed elimination principles are the expected ones. Showing that the thus specified HIITs exist is left as future work. The type theory specifying HIITs was formalised in Agda together with the syntactic translations. A Haskell implementation converts the types of sorts and constructors into valid Agda code which postulates the elimination principles and computation rules

Entrepreneurs, Enterprises and Innovation in Pécs (1850–1914)

The purpose of the study. To examine how the 19th century economic modernisation (Western type of industrialisation, technological transformation and the birth of the manufacturing industry) unfolded in Central Europe; and more importantly in Hungary, at Pécs, and what technological innovations were created by local entrepreneurs. Applied methods. Literature review including the history of the manufacturing industry. We involved sources from monographies, employment and census records, reminiscences and our own data from researches of archives. The research framework is the history of distinct businesses. We introduced five businesses whose economic effects influenced the operations of Pécs in the long run. We made a structural analysis examining the entrepreneur and its business together. Outcomes. The Austrian First-Danube-Steamboat-Shipping Company (DDSG) became the largest works in the city by starting intensive coal mining and creating modern technological background since 1852. It employed four thousand souls at the beginning of the 20th century and the city profited a lot from its developments (railway construction and electric power plant). The Zsolnay Porcelain Manufactory quickly became the synonym of Pécs. Vilmos Zsolnay ended up being a world famous entrepreneur because of his technological innovations (eosin, pyrogranite, etc…) and products. The term “Glove of Pécs” came alive in the ages of the dual monarchy. János Hamerli founded the first glove manufacturing plant in the country. The Angster Organs have played for hundred and fifty years. The company founded by József Angster emerged at the end of the 19th century and represented state of art technology

Large Scale Manufacturing Businesses in Nagykanizsa at the Turn of the 20th Century

This study deals with the industrialisation of the largest market centre of the Southwest Transdanubian Region of Hungary. Nagykanizsa was an agrarian town for a long time; however, a quick increase in trade began from the 1830s. The industry showed small plant traits. The industrialisation started in the 1880s in this region too. Newness was the mass-producing mechanised manufacturing. The manufacturing came into existence in three ways. The first case was when the already existing small plants were developed into factories due to the good trading opportunities. In the second case traders and craftsmen established businesses based on local innovations; therefore, new industries were acclimatised. And the third case was the creation of corporations which presumed large amount of capital. The capital of the large-scale industrial businesses mostly came from previous merchant activity and most of the business founders were merchants before. The evolution of the manufacturing industry was perceptible on every level of contemporary economic and social life. More and more labour migrated from agriculture to industries. Financing the local businesses gave a stable future for the local banks. The increasing number of factories aided local construction industry. Due to the development, industry became the most important sector in the structure of the economy of the town before World War I